1. Lecture 8: Files and Viruses Tonga Institute of Higher Education IT 141: Information Systems

2. Files  A file – the name we give to a single grouping of data that can be saved on any media (example, CD- ROM, hard disk, floppy disk)  A file is a way to indicate where bits for one file end and another start on media

3. Filenames  Because there are many files, there is a need for naming them.  There are special rules to follow to correctly name files.  These rules change based on what operating system you use.

4. File name rules  Follow these rules to have a happy and successful computer life 1. Don’t put space in files (use “_” called the underscore) 2. Don’t use the following characters  (* : ; / \ | ] [ { } + = $ ) 3. Sometimes if you use an uppercase letter it will make a difference. Be careful

5. File name extensions  File name extensions are the part of the filename that comes after the regular name. It identifies what kind of file it is. Example. Paint.exe (it is a program (Executable)) Example. MyLetter.doc (it is a word document)  The extension will tell what kind of format the file is. Maybe it's a word document, excel spreadsheet, or a movie file

6. File Size and File Date  A file will save other information besides the name.  File size – how big the file is. How many bytes it contains. For example, a 1KB file 1KB equals 1 kilobyte (1000 bytes = 8000 bits). Very small. A file might be much bigger:  Example 60 MB (60 Million bytes)  File Date – when the file was created. Helpful if you are looking for something you just created

7. Directories  When computers were first made, scientists thought it would be easy for users if files were stored in folders (also known as directories), just like a real filing system  Directories allow us to organize files  The first directory is called the “root” directory. On Windows this is “C:\” On Linux it is just “/”

8. File Management  A file management programs allows you to organize data on your computer so that is it easier to use and find  You can “manage” files using utility programs like windows explorer or sometimes application software will allow you to manage files  These “file managers” let you copy, rename, delete and move files

9. File Management  For example, suppose you write a letter As you type the document is held in the memory (RAM), because the processor is using the document When you want to save, you click on “Save” or “Save as” Now you specify the name and location of the file. You have essentially managed the file

10. Save and Save as  If you have never saved your file before, and your file needs a name, you will use Save As.  If you have already saved once, just use Save.

11. File Management Metaphors  A metaphor is a way to describe something by using a different idea.  File management uses the metaphor of a filing cabinet. Directories are like drawers for saving documents.  Another metaphor is the “tree structure” where the branches represent directories, the root folder are the roots and the files are the leaves.

12. Tree structure

13. Windows Explorer  Windows Explorer is the most common file management tool.  It allows users to view directories, find and organize files.  It is divided into two “window” panes.  The pane on the left shows devices, hard disks, and folders  The pane on the right will show icons for files

14. Windows Explorer

15. What can I do in Explorer  In Explorer, you're able to copy, rename, delete, and move  You can work with more than one file by pressing the Ctrl button and then clicking on the files you want to select  You can select many by holding the shift key while clicking on different items  You can move between panes with the tab key

16. How is data stored?  Explorer and file management utilities allow you to see the “logical storage model.”  The logical storage model is the view of the file system that makes it easy for users to understand and manage  The real way data is stored on storage media is called the “physical storage model”

17. Physical Storage Model  To save data, you must first format the storage media (ex. Floppy disk, CD, DVD).  That means you must get it ready for data to be saved on it  Formatting will organize the media into “tracks” which can then be divided into “sectors.”  These sectors each have an address where data can then be saved on it

18. Sectors

19. File Systems  How does the computer know where data is saved on a hard disk?  It uses a “file system” that keeps track of what data is saved in what sector.  The name for the new Microsoft Windows file system is NTFS – New Technology File System

20. File Systems  To make transferring data from the hard disk easier, computers will group sectors into clusters or blocks.  A file system’s job is to maintain a list of clusters and to know what is empty and what is full  This data is stored in a special file called the “file allocation table.”  If the “file allocation table” file becomes broken then your computer will not know where anything is saved and your hard drive will not be very useful

21. File Allocation Table  When you save a file, the operating system looks at the file allocation table to see what cluster is free.  Then it will update the allocation table to indicate that the file is saved in that cluster  If the file is too big to fit in one cluster, it will use more clusters that are next to it

22. File Allocation  When you open a file, The OS looks up the filename in the File Allocation Table It finds the correct cluster and sector on the hard drive Then it moves the read-write head on the hard disk to that spot. The read-write head will read that data The data is sent back to the RAM for the OS to use

23. What happens when you delete?  If you want to delete a file, you might think that it is erased from the hard disk  Instead the file allocation table is updated to say that cluster is now empty and can be used for new data  There are programs that allow users to recover deleted items, because they are not really deleted  To really delete a file, you must have a “file shredder” program, that will write random data where the old file was in the hard disk

24. Fragmentation  If you have used your computer for awhile, your hard disk might become “fragmented”  Fragmentation means that big files that need more than one cluster are not stored next to each other.  The big files are in different clusters on the hard disk and it will take longer to open those files because the read-write head will have to travel a lot to get the whole file

25. Computer Viruses  Computer viruses cause big problems for people and businesses. A lot of time is wasted trying to fix these problems  In 1986 the first virus appeared. Now there are 50,000 or more viruses and 10 to 15 new ones appear every day  A virus is any software which damages your computer in anyway

26. Viruses  A computer virus is a set of program instructions that attaches itself to a file, reproduces and spreads to other files.  It can damage, delete or corrupt files and operating systems  Viruses spread between computers because people spread them through floppy disks and email attachments

27. Viruses  Viruses will often attach to executable programs and wait to be run  They may often “lurk” or hide for weeks or months before actually doing anything to your computer

28. Different kinds of viruses  File virus – attaches to a program and will infect the computer when that program is run  Boot Sector – Infects your computer as soon as it is turned on. It lives in the memory where the computer saves the data it needs to start the computer (the BIOS)  Macro virus – a set of instructions that is run by a program. Microsoft word allows you to write macros to do some tasks. A bad macro can destroy data or cause harm. That is a called a macro virus

29. Trojan Horses  A Trojan Horse is a piece of software which appears to perform a certain action but in fact performs another  A Trojan horse might pretend to show pictures, but really steal your password.  They are not called viruses, because they do not replicate or copy themselves  The term is derived from the classical story of the Trojan Horse.Trojan Horse

30. Worms and DoS  A worm is a virus that is designed to spread from one computer to another computer over a network (unlike a virus which just spreads to files)  DoS stands for Denial of Service attack. It is a program that tries to make computer networks really slow by sending useless data. It can make websites or servers unavailable for people who want to use them  Sometimes DoS attacks are organized and come from many computers at the same time. These are called Distributed Denial of Service attacks

31. Malware: Spyware and Adware  Malware is a word used to describe many categories of "bad" software  This bad software is usually installed onto a computer without the user knowing about it.  The software installed will then do something that may not be legal  For example, Spyware is software that monitors what the user does, like websites that are visited, time spent on the Internet, passwords that are entered and then reports the data to a company  Adware is software that will display advertisements on computers all the time and even get new ads from the Internet  Most Windows computers that are connected to the Internet suffer from Malware

32. How are viruses spread?  Usually on CDs, floppy disks, from websites, downloads or email attachments.  If you download something from a website, you should make sure that it is from a good source.  If you get an email attachment and the file extension on the attachment is.exe it is probably a virus

33. How viruses are spread  If you get an email attachment, it cannot spread to the computer if you do not open it.  DO NOT OPEN IT  Sometimes a file will only be a Word document, but a virus can still be inside, because it will be a macro virus.  Don’t open files from people you don’t know

34. What are the symptoms of a virus?  Computer displays strange messages  There are strange visual and audio effects  Computer works very slowly  Your computer reboots suddenly  Your computer sends email by itself  Your network or Internet access is very slow  Sometimes there will be no symptoms

35. Antivirus software  Anti-virus software protects your computer from viruses.  It works by examining all the files and programs on a computers. If any of the files match a list of already known viruses, the anti-virus tries to remove it.  To match a file, it looks for the "virus signature" within the file.  If it cannot get rid of the file, it will try to isolate it at least.

36. Anti-virus Software  Because anti-virus software can only detect viruses it knows about, it must always be updated  You should always be using anti-virus software because viruses can come from many sources and it is better to be prepared.  The anti-virus will automatically scan your computer whenever changes are made to make sure that no viruses have entered your computer

37. More types of viruses  It is hard for anti-virus programs to detect all viruses because there are so many, and some of them are very smart  Multi-partite viruses – will infect different targets (like files and boot sector)  Polymorphic – they change so that their virus signature changes  Stealth viruses – they hide when the anti- virus program checks for viruses  Retro virus – these viruses attack the anti-virus program itself!!

38. Data Backup  It is often important to save your data in two places, in case one place goes bad.  Maybe your hard disk will break, your file system will break or your CD-ROM will get scratched  If you have important data, save it in another place, because you never know what will happen

39. Data Backups  You can make a backup of your entire computer (called full backup), but often it’s not worth it.  You can always re-install the operating system and get the applications you had before  The things you cannot replace are documents and files that you create. Those should be saved.

40. Summary  File Management  Data Storage  Viruses  Data backups