1. Legal Research & Writing II Mike Brigner, J.D.
Citations
Legal Research & Writing II
Mike Brigner, J.D.

2. Today 4 Things Why do we need a Citation Manual? Intro to ALWD
An introduction to the most frequent citation forms
Bonus: Style stuff

3. Why a Citation Manual?
Purpose is to guide legal writers in proper formatting and style in:
Court documents – main text
Court documents – footnotes/endnotes
Law review articles
Etc.

4. Why a Citation Manual? Within your doc point reader to
Document
Source
Document
In the proper format to correctly identify the Source Document

5. What Is Covered?
CITATIONS: Citation manuals explain how to write citations (in your legal memorandum, for example) for other sources you are citing to:
Cases
Statutes
Reporters, Newspapers, Books
Footnotes, Endnotes

6. What Is Covered?
STYLE: Citation manuals also explain legal writing style rules for such items as:
Abbreviations
Capitalization
Symbols
Latin words
Quotations

7. Introduction to The ALWD Citation Manual
This is the Citation Bible for this Quarter

8. This Quarter We Use ALWD
Citations
Sinclair Community College
This Quarter We Use ALWD
NOT
The Bluebook
NOT
The Ohio Manual
Mandatory, but trial courts usually don’t follow it.
It is the backup to ALWD & Bluebook. They say, if we don’t have a rule, use state rule.
If there is a long way to do a citation, Ohio Manual uses it
For new electronic Ohio cases, it is the ONLY citation format
Almost identical to ALWD, but hard to read
Mandatory in Ohio courts
PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

9. Before Next You Sleep Read: Right now, look at
ALWD Citation Manual
Parts One & Two
Text Chap 8A, B, F, G, I
Right now, look at
TOC
Covers
Appendices
Index
Look at Quick References to ALWD & Ohio Manual:

10. Next, Third Thing
An introduction to the most frequent citation forms. This will take a while.

11. Citing Case Law
Italicize (or underscore) names of cases in text of documents
Citations go in this order
Name of Case
Where to Find Case
Court that Decided Case
Meaning which jurisdiction
Year Case Decided

12. Case Names Cite only last names of parties: Day v. Jax
Omit titles (Appellee, Guardian, etc.)
Omit multiple parties (omit et al.)
Cite full names of businesses & organizations
Lima Hospital Guaranty Co. v. Southern Division Ltd.
NOT: Lima Hosp. Guar. Co. v. S. Div. Ltd.
Abbreviate “United States” as “U.S.”
For criminal cases decided in your state, use State v. Gripe
For other states, use Kansas v. Gripe

13. Citing Case Law
Memorize the punctuation, order, & spacing for each type of citation
How to organize a citation:
See ALWD, pp. 5 & 65
Parallel Citations:
See ALWD, Rule 12.4(a)(2)
See ALWD, pp

14. Citing Case Law
The court is usually identified by the name of the reporter. If not, you must identify the court in the parenthetical with the date.
Rose v. Gown, 234 F. Supp. 345 (S.D. Ohio 1967)
John v. Bear, 96 F.2d 823, 829 (6th Cir. 1998)
Identify court div, dist, dept, etc if known
Arc v. Coy, 3 N.E.2d 14 (Ohio 1999)
Arm v. Bay, 2 N.E.2d 12 (Ohio App. 2nd Dist. 1998)

15. Short Form
After the first use of the full citation in any document, you can use Short Form of Citation
See ALWD Rule 11.3 & Rule 12.21
Examples:
Id. at 924
Seel, 971 P.2d at 924
(Note: Id. is only for immediately preceding authority)

16. Citing Federal Case Law

17. Citing Federal Case Law
See ALWD, page 63
Citing U.S. Supreme Court Cases
3 publishers: U.S., S. Ct., L. Ed.
Cite to the official reporter, United States Reports, only
223 U.S. 45 (1972)
ALWD Rule: No parallel cites

18. Citing Federal Case Law
Citing U.S. Circuit Court Cases
John v. Bear, 96 F.2d 823 (6th Cir. 1998)
Citing U.S. District Court Cases
Rose v. Gown, 234 F. Supp. 345 (S.D. Ohio 1967)
Notes: -- 6th or 6th is okay
Use 2d & 3d, not 2d & 3d, not 2nd & 3rd
No space between “F.” and “2d”
Space between “F.” and “Supp.”
Inside parentheses, we ID the court

19. Citing a State Statute State statutory citations go in this order
Abbreviated name of code
Section number of statute
Year of the code volume (& “Supp.”)
Go to Ohio’s Table in ALWD (pp ). See Ohio statute format. Use this
(Note: Be aware of, but don’t use for this class, the normal practice in Ohio:)
Cite the Ohio Revised Code as R.C. (not O.R.C.), & omit the section sign

20. Citing Federal Statutes
Federal statutory citations go in this order:
Title number
Abbreviate name of the code
Section symbol & section number
Year of code volume

21. Citing Federal Statutes
See ALWD, pg 107. Examples:
30 U.S.C. § 523 (1994)
30 U.S.C. § § (1994)
NOTE:
No underlines
Use section symbol(s), followed by a space
U.S.C. is the official code for federal statutes, and is the preferred cite
But use U.S.C.A., & U.S.C.S. for research, because they are annotated

22. Citing Administrative Rules
See ALWD pg. 176
We use ALWD format
Ohio Admin. Code (1999)
(Note: Be aware of, but don’t use for this class the usual practice in Ohio:)
Abbreviate the Ohio Administrative Code as O.A.C., & omit the section sign

23. Citing Legal Encyclopedias
In italics, use the complete title of the major encyclopedia topic for the material cited.
67 Am. Jur. 2d Robbery § 91 (1985)
35 Ohio Jur. 3d Condominiums and Co-operative Apartments § 20 (1979, Supp. 1983)
Do not use titles of sections or subsections
Date is publication date of volume or supp.

24. Citing Law Reviews Author’s Name (w/o titles)
Citations
Sinclair Community College
Citing Law Reviews
Author’s Name (w/o titles)
Name of article in italics
Volume, publicatn abbrev, page, date
Cass R. Sunstein, Affirmative Action, Caste, and Cultural Comparisons, 97 Mich. L. Rev 1311, 1315 (1999)
OAG is not covered in Bluebook. The second version is the one the OAG’s office currently uses
PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

25. Citing A.L.R. Author’s Name (w/o titles) Name of article in italics
Citations
Sinclair Community College
Citing A.L.R.
Author’s Name (w/o titles)
Name of article in italics
Volume, publicatn abbrev, page, date
Milton Roberts, Civil Liability of Physician for Failure to Diagnose or Report Battered Child Syndrome, 97 A.L.R.2d 338, 342 (1980)
OAG is not covered in Bluebook. The second version is the one the OAG’s office currently uses
PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

26. Citing Atty Gen Opinions
Citations
Sinclair Community College
Citing Atty Gen Opinions
Ohio Attorney General’s office uses:
1981 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 81‑039
Ohio Manual uses this format:
1971 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No
ALWD uses this format: Use this
Ohio Op. Atty. Gen (1946)
OAG is not covered in Bluebook. The second version is the one the OAG’s office currently uses
PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

27. Citing Electronic Sources
New technology brings new problems: How do you cite a page of something that has no pages?
See ALWD, Part Four
Do not cite LEXIS or Westlaw, or include a parallel citation to either, if the case is available in a printed reporter
White v. C.J. Coakley Co., 1999 Va. App. LEXIS 261 (May 4, 1999)

28. Citing Other Sources Constitutions Rules of Procedure & Evidence Books
See ALWD, Chap. 13
Rules of Procedure & Evidence
See ALWD, Chap. 17
Books
See ALWD, Chap. 22
Law Review Articles
See ALWD, Chap. 23
A.L.R. (NOT just “4 A.L.R. 517” !)
See ALWD, Chap. 24

29. Quick Reference ALWD CITATION FORMATS — A Quick Reference
Prepared by Mike Brigner, J.D., Sinclair Community College Paralegal Program
Go to My. Sinclair My.Sinclair
Then Course Materials
Then home page for this course

30. Take a Break

31. 4th Thing: Rules of Style (Text Chap. 8 & ALWD, Parts 2 & 6)
Signals
Case Parenthetical
Pages
Footnotes
Endnotes
Section Marks
Paragraph Marks
Internal cross-references
Id., Infra & Supra
Quotations
Abbreviations
Numbers & Symbols
Italicization
Capitalization
Judges’ Titles

32. Style: Pages See ALWD Chap. 5
Give page # showing where item begins, just before giving date
Also give page # of specific info
Don’t use “p.” or “p.p.” unless referring to other pages in your document
Use “at” if needed to avoid confusion

33. Style: § and ¶ See ALWD Chap. 6
At start of sentence, use the word, not the symbol
When symbols are used, put space between symbol and numeral
Use 2 symbols when citing more than one section or paragraph
Ex: 18 U.S.C. § §

34. Style: Id.
See ALWD Chap. 11
Id. from Latin idem, “in the place previously mentioned “
Use when citing the immediately preceding authority
Example:
. . . as Justice Poe said. Id. at 563.

35. Style: Quotations See ALWD Chap. 47 You must cite the page quoted from
Cite page for each parallel citation
Clue: look for page #s in brackets
Use block quotations (indented left & right) for quotes over 50 words, with no quotes around block

36. Style: Quotations See ALWD Chap. 49
If omitting language within or at the end of a quotation, use an ellipsis ( )
(space-dot-space-dot-space-dot)
Omission at end of sentence, 4 periods
Ex: “then the plaintiff was deposed ”
Never begin a quotation with ellipsis
Instead, show omission at beginning of a sentence by changing first letter to upper case and using brackets:
Ex: “[T]he plaintiff was deposed . . .”

37. Style: Alterations See ALWD Chap. 48
An alteration is a change you make in some quoted material
Use brackets [ ] when:
changing the case of a letter
omitting a word or letter
substituting a word
[sic] = a significant mistake in a quoted original. Insert after the mistake.
Ex: “He are [sic] a student.”

38. Style: Abbreviations See ALWD Chap. 2
Close up adjacent single capitals (N.E.)
Don’t close up in longer abbrevs. (S. Ct.)
Treat single numerals as capitals (F.2d)
Most abbrevs. are followed by period
When entity is commonly referred to by initials, omit periods (CBS, CIA, FBI)
U.S. always gets periods

39. Finding Abbreviations
See ALWD
Appendix 1: Ohio abbreviations (and other states’ abbreviations)
Appendix 3: General abbreviations
Appendix 4: Court abbreviations
Appendix 5: Law review abbreviations

40. Style: Numerals & Symbols
See ALWD Chap. 47
Spell out numbers zero to ninety-nine
Use numerals if it has decimal point
Any number at beginning of sentence must be spelled out
Use $ & % symbols with numerals. Spell out when spelling out the number, or when beginning a sentence.
No space between $ or %, and numeral

41. Style: Italics See ALWD Chap. 1
Use italics for foreign words, except those used in common language
Illegitimi non carborundum BUT:
quid pro quo (“one thing in return for another”)
e.g. (“for example, such as”)
i.e. (“that is”)
“Id.” is always italicized
Use italics for equations (E=mc2)

42. Style: Capitalization
See ALWD Chap. 3
Capitalize “Court” ONLY when:
Referring to U.S. Supreme Court
When using a court’s full title
When referring to the same court you are directing the document to
“Some court once said. . .”
“This Court will want to know. . .”

43. Style: Judges
Capitalize title: Justice Holmes, Judge Rice, Chief Justice Moyer
Don’t use double titles:
Judge Walter H. Rice OR
The Honorable Walter H. Rice
NEVER:
The Honorable Judge Walter H. Rice
The Honorable Walter H. Rice, Judge

44. Citations Concluded Thank You Mike Brigner, J.D.
Sinclair Community College
Citations
Concluded Thank You
Mike Brigner, J.D.
PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.