1. By Jordan Davenport

2. Identifying the Problem

3. Legal Protections  Software granted copyright protection as a “literary work” in 1980 by Copyright Act  US Patent Office granted software patents starting in 1989 Mathematical algorithms still unpatentable

4. Software Piracy  Unauthorized reproduction of software Sharing software beyond the legal limits of the license agreement Does not include archival copies Owners of copies permitted to resell under first-sale doctrine of 1908  As simple as friends sharing with friends  An entire industry created around piracy

5. Warez  So-called “leetspeak” for “computer software”  Distributed online for free  Released by organized groups  Often released via peer to peer file sharing networks A well-known website dedicated to piracy whose owners were prosecuted in 2009 Image from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay

6. The Industry’s Response

7. Moral Campaigns  “Don’t Copy That Floppy” Video campaign Released by Software Publishers Association in 1992 Highlighted possible damages to the industry caused by piracy Sequel “Don’t Copy That 2” released in 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up863eQKGUIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up863eQKGUI (Original Video)

8. Early Copy Protection  First seen on cassette tapes  Apple introduced copy protection to floppy diskettes Changed address or data marks, still readable by standard hardware  Locksmith for Apple II circumvented protection on floppies Image from http://www.video-games-museum.com/en/game/White-Disk-28A-Locksmith-v6.0/37/3/13227

9. Enter the CD-ROM  Companies such as Sony introduced copy protection on CDs Contained protection data in locations unwritable by typical CD burners Method used for Sony’s PlayStation console

10. Product Keys & Activation  Product key generally provided upon purchase or registration  Used by Microsoft since Windows 95  Not very effective without required activation  Activation introduced in Microsoft products with Office 2000 SR1

11. Windows XP “Corporate”  Volume licensed versions of XP Professional required product key without activation  Often swiped from educational or corporate institutions  Leaked VL keys often blacklisted by Service Packs

12. Windows Genuine Advantage  Used to verify authenticity of an installation of Windows  Notifications component distributed automatically in 2006 as a “Critical Update”  Required for Windows Update

13. WGA False Positives  Activation servers reported false positives in October 2006  Marked “Genuine” Windows as non- Genuine  Prevented use of Windows Update

14. WGA in Vista (Initial Release)  Reduced functionality to limited applications after 72 hours of detection  Known problem with false positives  Changed to nag-only in Service Pack 1

15. Vista’s Volume Licensing  Now requires product activation  Key Management Services servers provide local activation Reactivation required every 6 months  Cracked December 2006, before Vista’s public January 2007 launch Unauthorized public KMS server for a specific VL key

16. Protections in Mac OS X  No activation required  Trusted Platform Modules  Requires specific Intel instruction sets  Requires EFI instead of BIOS

17. OSx86 – “Hackintosh”  License requires “Apple-branded” hardware  Hacked to run on other x86 processors, kernel patches, limited support  Psystar sold pre-configured Hackintosh machines with like hardware Apple sued under the DMCA and won

18. Copy Protection in PC Games  Some require disc to be inserted Original RollerCoaster Tycoon didn’t verify if disc was original or copied  Newer games require online activation Pictured: Valve Corporation’s Steam client

19. Discussion Questions  Who is hurt worse by copy protection – pirates or legitimate consumers?  What is the average consumer willing to put up with?  Does piracy benefit the industry in any way?

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