2. The Presidents: 1974 –76 – Gerald Ford 1976 - 80 – Jimmy Carter 1980 - 88 – Ronald Reagan 1988 - 92 – George H.W. Bush By the end of this time period, the United States will have undergone drastic changes in the economy and foreign policy and become far more conservative. These presidents will also change Americans views of politicians and the two party system.

3. Ford and Carter will leave Washington as two of the most unpopular presidents in US history. 1.Trouble working with Congress: Ford and The Nixon Pardon, Carter + Washington Outsider - Gridlock 2.Stagflation: Deficit Spending and OPEC - Ford: WIN (Whip Inflation Now), Cut Government Spending and Raised Interest Rates - Carter: First tried to help recession (Increased Government Spending, Cut Taxes); Then tried to help inflation (Cut Money Supply, Raise Interest Rates) - Energy Crisis: Camp David - Malaise Speech, Department of Energy and Alternate Sources

4. Ford – Détente – Helsinki Accords Carter – Human Rights Diplomacy - Camp David Accords – Egypt and Israel - Panama Canal - Détente - SALT II Carter’s Downfall: - Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan – 1979 – SALT II and 1980 Olympics - Iranian Hostage Crisis: - Shah Pahlevi v. Ayatollah Khomeini - November 4, 1979 – US Embassy in Tehran – 52 Americans, 444 Days

5. Democratic Party: FDR, JFK, and LBJ (Liberal) The Reagan Revolution and emergence of the new Republican Party and Conservatism: -Religious Right: Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson (Moral) -Business Conservatives- Tax Revolt (Econ) -Neo-Conservatives – Strength and Pride in Foreign Policy (Détente and Vietnam) Ronald Reagan: Who is he? - Election of 1980 and 1984

6. Election of 1980: Reagan (R): 489 Carter (D): 49 Election of 1984: Reagan (R): 525 Mondale (D): 13

8. Conservative Economic Policy: Lower Taxes, Less government spending and regulation Supply-side Economics, Trickle Down Theory, Reaganomics – - Cut taxes by 25% - Downsizing and Budget Cuts - Food Stamps, Medicare, Unemployment, College Loans, school lunches, funding to state and local governments - Deregulation – EPA, Emissions, Safety, Civil Rights Positive Results – Incomes up 15%, Unemployment 5.5%, Economic Growth and Technology Negative Results - Social Problems – AIDS, Homelessness, Crime, Drug Use, Poverty, etc.

9. Tough Approach to USSR – Containment and Reagan Doctrine – “Tear down this wall” - $1.5 Trillion Defense Spending and SDI (Star Wars) -Involvement in Afghanistan, Lebanon, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Grenada, and Libya - Nicaragua – Iran-Contra Scandal – Sandinistas v. Contras – Oliver North - Teflon President - Trust of politicians and voter apathy - 1985 – Gorbachev – Glasnost and Perestroika – INF Treaty Positives of Reagan – Economy + Cold War Criticism of Reagan – Social Problems, Iran-Contra, $ 2 Trillion Debt

10. Election of 1988 – Voter Apathy (50%) Foreign Policy – End of the Cold War - 1989 – Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Albania, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria have peaceful revolutions to overthrow communism - Germany - 1991 – USSR dissolves - Russia – Boris Yeltsin - START I American Foreign Policy - New World Order? - Isolation, Economic Security, Human Rights, National Security? - Multilateral v. Unilateral? - China – Tiananmen Square - Panama – Manuel Noriega and US Invasion

11. August 2, 1990- Iraq invades Kuwait United Nations - Economic Sanctions and January 15 th Deadline for withdrawal January 16 th – Operation Desert Storm February 23 rd – 27 th – Ground War Results: Less than 300 Casualties for Americans, 100,000 Iraqis, Kuwait liberated, Iraq? New World Order? - “Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective — a new world order — can emerge: a new era, freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, east and west, north and south, can prosper and live in harmony. “

12. Domestic Policy - ‘no new taxes’ - 1991 Recession – Unemployment 7% - budget deficits and national debt - cut government spending, raised taxes - Americans with Disabilities Act – 1990 Election of 1992: - George Bush’s Popularity - Bill Clinton (D) – ‘It’s the Economy Stupid!’ - Ross Perot - Independent - The Numbers : Clinton – 43%,Bush – 38%, Perot – 19% - Mandate? – Voter Apathy?