1. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 1 Chapter 1 The Profession of Pharmacy

2. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 2 Discussion How was disease thought of in early civilization? How was it treated?

3. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 3 Origins of Pharmacy Practice Greeks first took a scientific approach to medicine. Pharmacy comes from the ancient Greek pharmakon, meaning –Drug –Remedy

4. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 4 Origins of Pharmacy Practice Hippocrates –“Father of medicine” –Believed illness was physical rather than spiritual –Used scientific principles to Identify disease Determine the cause of disease Treat disease

5. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 5 Origins of Pharmacy Practice Dioscorides (first century A.D.) –Wrote De Materia Medica (On Medical Matters) –Included information on Herbal remedies Usage Side effects Quantities Dosages Storage

6. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 6 Origins of Pharmacy Practice Galen, Greek physician (130 – 200 A.D.) –“Father of pharmacy” –Organized six centuries of knowledge –Conducted animal experiments –Produced classification of drugs

7. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 7 Pharmacy Workplace Community Pharmacies Institutional Pharmacies

8. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 8 Community Pharmacies 60% of U.S. pharmacists work in community (or retail) pharmacies Many types of community pharmacies –Chain –Independent –Compounding –Franchise –Mail-order

9. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 9 Terms to Remember community pharmacy any independent, chain, or franchise pharmacy that dispenses prescription medications to outpatients; also called a retail pharmacy

10. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 10 Community Pharmacies Chain pharmacy –High-volume locations Department store (Target, Wal-Mart) Grocery store (Kroger, Publix) Drugstore (Walgreens, CVS, Rite-Aid) –Heavy use of pharmacy technicians and automation

11. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 11 Terms to Remember chain pharmacy a community pharmacy that consists of several similar pharmacies in the region (or nation) that are corporately owned

12. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 12 Community Pharmacies Independent pharmacy –Owned and operated by one or a group of pharmacists Compounding pharmacy –Specializes in preparations that are not commercially available

13. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 13 Community Pharmacies Franchise pharmacy –Combines aspects of independent and chain pharmacies –Provides more personalized service Mail-order pharmacy –Centralized, automated operation –Economies of scale may mean lower prices

14. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 14 Discussion What are the advantages and limitations of mail-order pharmacies?

15. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 15 Institutional Pharmacies Can be found in many organizations –Hospitals –Home healthcare systems –Long-term care facilities –Managed-care services –Nuclear pharmacies

16. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 16 Terms to Remember formulary a list of drugs that have been preapproved for use by a committee of health professionals; used in hospitals, in managed care, and by many insurance providers

17. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 17 Institutional Pharmacies Nuclear pharmacies –Dispense radioactive pharmaceuticals –Require specialized equipment, training, and certifications –Usually located off- site

18. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 18 Terms to Remember pharmaceutics the study of the release characteristics of specific drug dosage forms pharmacokinetics individualized doses of drugs based on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination therapeutics the study of applying pharmacology to the treatment of illness and disease states pathophysiology the study of disease and illnesses affecting the normal function of the body

19. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 19 Education and Licensing for Pharmacist Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) –6-year program –Colleges may require 2 years of prepharmacy education Pharmacy College Admission Test (PCAT) On-site interview –Acceptance is extremely competitive –Many students start as pharmacy techs

20. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 20 Education and Licensing for Pharmacist

21. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 21 Terms to Remember pharmacy technician an individual working in a pharmacy who, under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist, assists in activities not requiring the professional judgment of a pharmacist; also called the pharmacy tech or tech

22. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 22 Evolution of the Pharmacy Technician’s Role Apprentices were forerunners of today’s pharmacy techs. Need for techs increased with expanded pharmacist role. Many techs originally trained as military medics. Role evolved from clerk/cashier to pharmacist’s assistant.

23. Safety Note © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 23 Evolution of the Pharmacy Technician’s Role Rather than working independently, the pharmacy technician works under the direction of the supervising pharmacist.

24. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 24 Role of the Pharmacy Technician Pharmacy tech in a community pharmacy typically –Enters prescription information into database –Helps the pharmacist fill, label, and record prescriptions –Operates cash register –Stocks and inventories medications –Maintains patient records –Bills insurance claims

25. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 25 Role of the Pharmacy Technician Pharmacy tech in a hospital setting does many of the same tasks as a tech in a community pharmacy and may also –Operate robotic dispensing machinery –Prepare sterile and sometimes hazardous products

26. © Paradigm Publishing, Inc. 26 Education and Licensing for Pharmacy Technicians Specialized areas of practice require additional training. –Sterile and nonsterile compounding –Nuclear pharmacy Some states require ongoing education for the pharmacy tech to keep knowledge and skills current.