1. Migration studies AN INTRODUCTION

2. NUMBER OF MIGRANTS 77.114 million migrants 1960; 115.558 in 1990; 195.245 in 2005; 213.943 in 2010 Migrant defined as a person resident outside country of birth for 12 months or more Human Development Reports (HDR) - United Nations Population Division (UNDP) Migrant defined as a person resident outside country of birth for 12 months or more

3. Migrant Stock - 1960 + 2010 Africa: 9.175 – 19.191 Sub-Saharan Africa: 7.643 – 16.869 Asia: 28.494 – 61.324 Europe: 17.511 – 69.744 EU: 13.555 – 46.911 Latin America + Caribbean: 6.151 – 7.480 Northern America: 13.603 – 50.042 Arab States: 3.311 – 25.731

4. MIGRANT STOCK IS ALMOST EQUALLY DIVIDED INTO 3 TYPES NORTH ---53 MILLION---NORTH NORTH ---14 MILLION---SOUTH SOUTH ---61 MILLION---SOUTH SOUTH ---62 MILLION---NORTH

5. MIGRANTS CONSTITUTE HIGH PROPORTIONS OF THE POPULATION IN FEW COUNTRIES (MIGRANTS AS PERCENTAGE OF THE POPULATION, 2005)

6. Migration Patterns Orderly Migration Family Riunification Irregular Migration 1. Smuggling 2. Trafficking Return migration

7. Migration Patterns (2) (ASYLUM Patterns) Forced Migration Resettlement Displacement

8. Categories - Single Individuals Stateless Displaced Person Asylum Seeker

9. Statelessness The term is defined according to international law: “ stateless person ” means a person who is not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law. Since only states can have nationals, a person whose status is recognised only by a non-state entity is by definition stateless.

10. Statelessness The phrase “ considered as a national... under the operation of its law ” includes not only the letter of the law, but also the way in which the law is applied by the state. A theoretical claim to nationality is inadequate to establish that a person is not stateless if in practice the person is not recognised as a citizen by the state concerned.

11. Categories - Single Individuals Refugee Unaccompanied Minor … and Unaccompanied Minor- asylum seeker

12. Categories - Single Individuals Economic migrant - Migrant worker Female migration Frontier Worker Seasonal Worker

13. Categories - Single Individuals Illegal migrant - undocumented Unauthorised migrant Overstayers

14. Contemporary International Migration General Trends The globalization of migration The acceleration of migration The differentiation of migration The feminization of migration The growing politicization of migration

15. Governance of International Migration Not seen by governments as a central political issue Migrants divided up into categories Late 1980 ’ s systematic attention

16. Europe’s immigration dilemma Key Trends –Demographic: low fertility, ageing population, high dependency ratios –Economic: future demand for both highly-skilled and lower-skilled workers –Social: young Europeans less willing to take low-skilled jobs RESULT: STRONG DEMAND FOR MIGRANT WORKERS

17. Europe’s immigration dilemma BUT migration is seen as a problem –Migrants and minorities: a threat to security –Diasporas and transnationalism thought to undermine nation-state Industrial countries (still) want workers but not people

18. Migration as a problem: The myth of ‘invasion’

19. The myth of ‘invasion’ ?

22. Solutions of Northern states More border control Differentiation of migrants: different rules for highly-skilled, lower-skilled and refugees Temporary and circular migration

23. Solutions of Northern states Migration management –cooperation between northern and southern governments Migration and development: –migration said to benefit countries of origin

24. Migration Process Hardly ever a simple individual action Migration is a long drawn out process Migration is a collective action

25. Migration Process Migration experience leads to modification of original plans No government has ever set out to build an ethnically diverse society

26. Macro-meso-micro-structures … No single cause ever sufficient to explain why people decide to leave their country and settle in another Essential to understand all aspects of migratory process - all these structures are intertwined...

27. 8 QUESTIONS 1. What factors have changed - country of origin - country of destination. 2. Opportunities for migrants 3. Which social networks develop 4. What structures exist to regulate migration and settlement

28. 8 QUESTIONS 5. How do migrants turn to settlers 6. Effect of settlement on receiving countries 7. Effect of emigration on sending countries 8. New linkages between sending and receiving countries

29. Migration Studies Preliminary remark: migration studies divided in two separate bodies Migration studies intrinsically inter- disciplinary Methodology: refers to underlying principles for research and analysis

30. 8 Principles 1. Interdisciplinarity 2. Historical understanding 3. Comparative studies 4. Holistic approach

31. 8 Principles 5. Transnational dimensions of social transformation 6. Transnational research network 7. Human agency 8. Participatory research

32. Migration - Settlement ? Differentiate between economically motivated migration and forced migration. Temporary migration intentions to permanent settlement. No initial intention to settlement

33. Migration - Settlement ? Maturing of migratory movement Structural economic dependency on migrant labour