1. Canadian Activities with Regard to TEMPO Chris McLinden Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada 2 nd TEMPO Science Team Meeting Hampton, VA  21-22 May 2014

2. Canadian Interest From Statistics Canada (2008): –~21,000 deaths from air pollution – economic cost ~ C$8B, accumulating to > C$250B by 2030 Canada is a large, sparsely populated country with significant monitoring gaps TEMPO coverage: –>99% of Canadian population –>50% of Canadian territory

3. 1 st Canadian-TEMPO workshop Held in Montréal, November 13-14, 2013 Included ~40 scientists from Canadian government and academia; (plus Caroline Nowlan, Kelly Chance, Ken Jucks); 27 presentations (archived at http://exp-studies.tor.ec.gc.ca/~ctempo/)http://exp-studies.tor.ec.gc.ca/~ctempo/ Themes of the workshop were: –satellite retrievals –validation over Canada –air quality modelling and chemical data assimilation –operational applications A key outcome was an agreement to draft a Canadian TEMPO science plan to obtain co-funding for projects and co-ordinate research

4. Research Interests Retrieval development (e.g., retrievals over snow) Simulated / quantifying the stratosphere / strat-trop separation Air quality model development and validation Chemical data assimilation –Assimilation of stratospheric profiles –Assimilation of TEMPO + strat + surface quantities Deposition studies, cumulative impacts Quantifying emissions Epidemiological studies

5. New project 1: Assessment of the potential constraints on stratospheric NO 2 from limb observations - Led by prof. Dylan Jones (U of Toronto); team: Randall Martin (Dal), Adam Bourassa & Doug Degenstein (UoS) Study 1: Using stratospheric profiles of O 3, NO 2, and HNO 3 measured by a polar orbiter help constrain stratospheric NOx? - Approach: GEOS-Chem to generate pseudo-data of O 3, NO 2, and HNO 3 from ALiSS and then assimilate them into the model, starting from a different a priori, to assess the potential of the data to constrain stratospheric NOx Study 2: Using OSSEs to quantifying the sensitivity of top- down NOx emissions to assimilated stratospheric NO2 columns ALiSS (Atmospheric Limb Sounding Satellite) -Under consideration, late 2010s launch -Canada + Sweden (+ others?) -CATS: limb scatter; O3, NO2, aerosol -STEAMR: limb sub-mm; O3, HNO3, N2O -Stratospheric + UT profiles; >8 km NONO 2 R1: O 3 R2: h N2O5N2O5 R3: NO 3 HNO 3 R4: h R5: OH R6: h Constraining NO 2 in a chemical data assimilation context is challenging since the NO 2 lifetime is short  therefore focus on optimizing NOx.

6. New project 2: Merging limb and nadir NO 2 Work performed at University of Saskatchewan (Elise Normand, Adam Bourassa, U of Sask.) An exploratory study looking at combining existing Level 2 data products - stratospheric NO 2 from a limb sounder (OSIRIS) used to remove the stratospheric VCD from a nadir-viewing instrument (OMI) –Many challenges: LST adjustment; known OMI SCD high bias OMI OSIRIS Following Belmonte Rivas et al., AMTD, 2014

7. New project 2: Merging limb and nadir NO 2 OMI NO2 SCDs are biased high (Belmonte Rivas et al., 2013) A scaling of 0.8 – 0.85 most consistent with OSIRIS strat-NO 2 VCDs

8. Canadian AQ Forecast Suite : Operational Configuration: GEM-MACH10 GEM-MACH options chosen to meet EC’s operational AQ forecast needs; key characteristics include: – limited-area (LAM) configuration where grid points are co-located with operational met-only GEM which supplies initial conditions and lateral boundary conditions for GEM-MACH10 – 10-km horizontal grid spacing, 80 vertical levels to 0.1 hPa – 2-bin sectional representation of PM size distribution (i.e., 0-2.5 and 2.5-10 μm) with 9 chemical components – Some processes resolved with increased number of bins GEM-10 grid (blue) ; GEM-MACH10 grid (red) – Full process representation of oxidant and aerosol chemistry:  gas-, aqueous- & heterogeneous chemistry mechanisms  aerosol dynamics  dry and wet deposition (including in and below cloud scavenging ) Global Environmental Multi-scale model - Modelling Air quality and CHemistry

9. Chemical data assimilation Chemical data assimilation – Improving operational AQ forecasts and improving products associated to chemical modelling and prediction. –Accounting of stratospheric NO 2 (and O 3 ) via synergy of model forecasts and observations from other sources (e.g. CATS) ▪Implement simplified NO 2 stratospheric modelling (currently have full strato-chemistry (GEM-BACH) and LINOZ linearized chemistry). ▪Investigate NO 2 assimilation strategies. ▪To benefit from OSSE to be conducted by UofT (Dylan Jones – funded by CSA) –Assimilation to be performed at EC with EnVar and GEM-MACH (coupled weather-chemistry model) and, in collaboration with BIRA, the stratospheric BASCOE CTM with 4D-Var and hybrid EnVar.

10. Validation Network NAPS (surface) CAPMoN (surface) Brewer Aerocan (Aeronet) Ozone sonde Pandora not shown

11. Pandora Network Pandora 2013: Toronto, oil sands 2014: Egbert, Saturna 2015: Edmonton, oil sands (2) 2016: tbd x 2

12. Pandora Spectrometer – comparisons with Brewer The Pandora-Brewer difference There is a 0% to 4% systematic difference between Brewer and Pandora total ozone caused likely by the difference in ozone absorption coefficients and their temperature dependence. An example: Feb 22, 2014 Old Triad (single-Brewers) New Triad (double-Brewers) Pandora 103 and 104 in Toronto Pandora measurements adjusted for the bias were used as a reference. From Vitali Fioletov, EC

13. Sable provides a remote oceanic station for monitoring reference atmospheric conditions, and that makes a comprehensive program on the island vital for various scientific reasons, as well as being in the broader regional national and international interest. Perfect first cal/val site for TEMPO observations and for studying continental smog outflow, anthropic and biogenic marine emissions Gibson Instrumentation:- Size-resolved PM mass (1.0/2.5/10 μm & TSP), number (10 nm – 20 μm) & PM chemical species VOC species (100+ by GC-MS) Environment Canada & NAPS Instruments NO x, SO 2, CO, H 2 S, O 3 PM 2.5 and a CIMEL Sunphotometer Sable Island Air Quality Source Apportionment Study (Sable Island - 300 km SE of Nova Scotia, Canada) Dr. Mark Gibson & Dr. Susanne Craig, Dalhousie University in collaboration with Environment Canada/ Nova Scotia Environment/ Parks Canada From Mark Gibson, Dalhousie

14. Summer 2013 Measurement Intensive: Aircraft + 2 supersites National Research Council Convair-580 High time resolution measurements: –Particle size and speciation –Particle number as a function of size (6 nm to 20  m). –Black carbon aerosol mass –Meteorology, including 3D winds and turbulence –Gases: SO 2, NO, NO 2, NO x, CO, CO 2, CH 4, H 2 O, NH 3, HCHO, H 2 O –VOCs, measured using three methods: 150 hydrocarbon suite (canisters), Carboxylic acids, inorganic acids, isocyanic acid, substituted phenols (CIMS) Non and substituted VOCs (PTR-MS) From Shao-Meng Li, EC

15. August 31, 2013 – OMI validation Only (near) cloud-free, “good” OMI pixels are shown 50 ppb SO2 at 1.4 km background

16. September 3, 2013 – TES validation 80 ppb Forest fire plume from California ? Regional ? Oil sands 135 ppb CO