[Introduce yourself and your co-presenters:]

[Introduce yourself and your co-presenters:]
Hi, my name is _________. I am a __th year student studying _________ at ________ University. My co-presenters today are _________ (Get them to introduce themselves). Together, we represent Engineers Without Borders, a Non Government Organisation dedicated to improving the lives of disadvantaged communities through sustainable engineering development. Today, we are here to discuss a very familiar, yet significant problem. One that scientists have noticed since the mid 1980’s and is guaranteed to leave its devastating impression on ours and future generations if we don’t take action now. I am, of course talking about climate change (otherwise known as global warming). I’m sure you have all heard the alarms grow louder and louder as the media, over the last year have been furiously beating the drums and flexing its muscles on climate change. However, unlike the much of the media and other organisations, we at EWB want to wage a positive campaign on climate change instead of scaring you into despair. The aim of this presentation therefore is to enlighten you to the facts and ultimately, inspire and motivate all of you to become part of the solution on climate change. Basically, we want you to know that there is light at the end of the tunnel and that your actions will make a difference to this and future generations. These photos were taken in August 2007, at a display EWB held at Customs House in Circular Quay. Part of our campaign was to raise public awareness on Climate Change and over the 3 day event, we built a model wind turbine using over 7000 pieces of lego! The wind turbine is a significant symbol in the fight against climate change and we’ll talk about them later. But before we tackle the nitty gritty climate stuff, we need to straighten out some basic know how on what engineers do and our pivotal role in providing technical solutions for climate change.

Why are they so important?
What is an Engineer? Why are they so important? So, what exactly is an engineer? Does anyone know an engineer? If so, what do they do? [If any students put up their hands, then:] Can anyone else explain what an engineer is? What does an engineer make? [Write their answers on the board.]

Aerospace Mechanical Civil Electrical Chemical Aircraft & Spacecraft
Design Energy Generation Infrastructure Planning Electric Circuit Design Water and Sanitation Aerodynamics Product Life Cycle Design Structural Analysis e.g. bridges Computer & Software Engineering Bio Diesel Propulsion Systems Control Environmental Engineering Power Engineering Materials Processing Flight Mechanics & Navigation Biomechanics Project Management Telecommunications Bio-molecular Engineering All the answers you provided were great. So in summary, here are the major fields of engineering and the specialisations of each stream. As you may have noticed, all of the disciplines possess differing technical expertise that can help society solve the problem of climate change. For example, electrical engineers contribute using their knowledge of electricity generation and transmission and are also experts in photovoltaic (solar panel) technology. Chemical engineers can specialise in low emission energy sources like bio-diesel. Aerospace and mechanical engineers can undertake research into cleaner, more efficient engines as well as designing wind turbines through their knowledge of aerodynamics. And finally, Civil engineers can contribute by applying their expertise in environmental engineering in conjunction with infrastructure planning. As you can see, engineers can and will play a crucial role in providing technology to combat climate change, which at the end of the day is the most valuable and meaningful solution. Now that we’ve clarified what an engineer is, let us begin the discussion on climate change.

We’ve all heard of it before
Climate Change… We’ve all heard of it before So What is it? To start with, let’s define climate change. So, “What is Climate Change?” [Ask the students to come up with their own definitions. Discuss their validity and write them on the board.]

Today we will be referring to Climate Change as: “the accelerated, unnatural warming of the earth due to the discharge of Greenhouse Gases as a result of human activities.” [Assuming students provided responses…] Now, the definitions you have given are excellent and may even be better than the one we have written on the slide. But to summarise: [Read From the slide:] “Climate Change is the accelerated, unnatural warming of the earth due to the discharge of Greenhouse Gases as a result of human activities.” The key words being: ‘accelerated, unnatural and human activities’. Although it is true that temperature and CO2 concentrations fluctuate naturally over thousands of years, it is clear from available scientific data that the current temperature accelerations are far from nature’s status quo. The conclusion: Human activities are to blame, in particular, society’s insatiable demand for energy and convenient transportation. <you may need or like to skip over the next few slides quickly, since year 11/12 students know the basics.>

The Greenhouse Effect This is a pictorial summary of the greenhouse effect. Does everybody understand the diagram? [Maybe as an exercise, get people from the class to provide an explanation] [If explanation required, see below, else simplify this, don’t go overkill] Under normal circumstances, radiation from the sun is reflected off the Earth and allowed to exit the atmosphere. But with excessive greenhouse gases (indicated in aqua) much of this radiation is instead reflected back onto the Earth. That is, the layer of Greenhouse Gases are trapping heat from the sun, thus gradually warming the Earth. [It may by useful to also use the even simpler explanation below – don’t use both, choose] Basically, the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are like a feather quilt surrounding the Earth. The gases trap the heat around the Earth the same way your quilt keeps the heat from escaping away from your body. If you add more feathers to your quilt, it will trap even more heat and your body will get warmer. And if you add more greenhouses gases to the atmosphere the Earth will get warmer. Sourced from:

The Greenhouse Gases CO2 N2O SF6 HFCs CH4 PFCs Nitrous Oxide
Carbon Dioxide N2O Nitrous Oxide SF6 HFCs CH4 Methane PFCs But what are these Greenhouse Gases we hear so much about? Well there’re many greenhouse gases, but the main ones are; Carbon Dioxide, which mostly comes from burning fossil fuels for power or transport, Methane, largely from landfills, coal mines, and agriculture, Nitrous Oxide, a lot of which comes from using nitrogen fertilisers, Then there’s these funny ones over here [point to HFCs etc], that are by-products or certain industries. Now, you don’t hear a lot about these greenhouse gases except for one. Has anyone heard of carbon trading, or carbon counting? Well, when they say “carbon”, they’re talking about carbon dioxide. But you might be surprised to know that carbon dioxide is actually the weakest greenhouse gas of the lot. In fact, one tonne of methane in the atmosphere will do as much damage as about 20 tonnes of CO2. And sulphur hexaflouride here [point to it on slide] is 22,200 times more potent than carbon dioxide. So why is CO2 the one that’s always talked about? [See if anyone answers] Well, it’s because we humans make SO much of it. These other gases are only produced in very small amounts when compared to CO2.

The Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Gas Contributions to Global Warming
In fact, if we consider how much of each gas is produced, AND how long they each hang around in the atmosphere, we see that CO2 is the biggest contributor to the global warming effect. So it’s not such a bad thing that people focus on carbon dioxide, because we can see that even though it isn’t the only greenhouse gas, it is the most important. <with humour> - Which is great news, because we produce so much of it that there’s plenty of opportunity to cut down!! And just to make things easier, when people talk about greenhouse gases, they will convert everything back to CO2 based on how much the gas can affect global warming. So, 1 tonne of methane becomes 20 tonnes of CO2 equivalent, and 1 tonne of sulphur hexaflouride becomes 22,200 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. So now, if you hear me talk about CO2 equivalent, you’ll know that I’m talking about all the greenhouse gases combined. [Maybe confirm that the kids understand this] Greenhouse Gas Contributions to Global Warming Chart source:

The Evidence… Data Source: World Watch Institute
There is still debate – some scientific, some political – on the significance of human impacts to climate change, but there are some facts that we would like to show to you to help you make up your mind. Engineers love graphs, so now we’ll show you a few graphs that show correlations between observed and predicted climate change, and human industrialisation. [Maybe make sure everyone understands what industrialisation is] Ever since James Watt invented the first practical steam engine (1769) [Point to location on graph], ever since Thomas Edison’s light bulb led to the first power station in New York in 1882 [Point to location on graph], atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased exponentially. And as we’ve said before, it’s primarily the presence of CO2 that leads to warming of the Earth, i.e. the Greenhouse Effect. Data Source: World Watch Institute

More Evidence… And if you need support that global temperature and CO2 concentrations are linked, have a look at this graph. We see here that temperatures started to rise at the same time as humans first started producing lots of CO2 from industrialisation. Coincidence perhaps? Maybe not (I think...<Whatever you as presenter think>). But there’s one more set of graphs for you. Data Source:

One More Set of Graphs ... When trying to predict how temperatures will be affected by greenhouses gases in the future, scientists create models or simulations, and test how accurate they are by comparing the results the model gives them to the actual recorded temperatures we’ve seen in the past. These graphs show an example of simulation outputs, produced by the Woods Hole Research Centre in America. If their scientists only considered natural factors when making the models, they found something like the grey line in the first chart. And if you compare that to the actual temperatures the world saw in those years (the red line), you can see that it doesn’t match up. It suggests that there’s something other than nature at work here. Now, if they also consider human influence, including our greenhouse gas emissions throughout history, we see that the data matches up with the real temperatures very well indeed. Note this is only one example of a model which finds strong evidence of human contribution behind climate change, though similar results are being found more and more commonly within the scientific community. The United Nation’s is almost positive about this contribution. The a recent report from United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change says there’s at least 90% probability that burning fossil fuels has resulted in accelerated global warming. So, now, I don’t know if you have made up your mind – and no problem if not, because these are big questions – but if humanity *is* responsible for this imminent crisis, are we obliged to minimise its devastation? And even if we are not responsible for climate change, should we prepare ourselves from the expected consequences of climate change, and reduce the causes as much as possible? Some of you might be thinking “Yes! Of Course!”, others maybe thinking “No, it’s not 100% proven yet” and some of you may be thinking “well, maybe, but why us in Australia, and what would this involve?” We’ve prepared a small demonstration to look at these questions… Data Source:

THE CO2 GAME 10 people represent the world’s population
CO2 cards show the world’s carbon emissions Money represents the global GDP Ok now, we call this the CO2 game. I need to 10 volunteers WITH WALLETS OR PURSES to come up the front…you can pretend a pencil-case is your purse/wallet if you want. [You need 10 people, 10 pieces of card/PAPER – big enough to stand on with ‘C02’ written on them and 10 Wallets/purses. Get each person to stand on a piece of carbon and hold out their wallet – if no wallets, make them use pencil cases as pretend purses.] You 10 represent the world population of? [ask group...] about 6 billion. The Co2 you are standing on represents the amount of carbon we produce globally. Anyone want to tell us a few sources of this carbon dioxide? [Cars. Planes, industry, cow farts, industrial agriculture.. Etc] And the money you have represents the global GDP. Whats GDP? [ask group.... If answer needed – GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. Which is basically the total amount of money that the whole world spends and consumes each year] So, of the 6 billion people in the world and the world’s wealthiest nations -which are? [ask them to guess] USA, many European nations, Japan, United Kingdom, and Australia would be considered one too. There’s about 68 countries considered to be the world’s wealthiest and *these only have 12% of the worlds population*. So which one of you wants to be the rich nations? [Ask that person & their Co2 to move a little aside] Now, 48% of the worlds GDP is made by the worlds wealthiest countries [Take 4 peoples WALLETS/MONEY and hand it over to rich nations(RN)] They also produce 62% of the worlds C02 emissions [Take 4 Co2s and give to RN.] That means those of you without a CO2 sheet will need to share with the others. Rich nations (one person), you can spread out on your extra emissions. There’s a reason that just a few countries make almost half the worlds money, because those same few countries also are home to *98% of the worlds multinational corporations* [Hand over all but 1 WALLET/CASH to RN] So, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - which was established to provide the big decision makers of the world and anyone else who’d interested with an objective, unbiased source of information about climate change - have reached a consensus that we need to reduce global carbon emissions by %. So looking here, I ask you all, who can make the most effect on cutting down C02 emissions, and has the financial resources to do so? [Hopefully everyone points at RN] [Tear off a corner of one of the bits of rich nations Co2. Wave it around and..] So... rich nations say they have this to offer. Anyone want to guess what this represents? [pause] It’s the Kyoto protocol. Can anyone explain what this is? In 20 words or less! [Go to hand ‘kyoto’ to majority world.. and snatch it away last second] However, The USA isn’t going to sign up to the Kyoto Protocol [Australia has only just signed up] and it turns out that all the countries that have signed up their emissions have actually risen. How did that happen? There are a lot loopholes and trade offs. [say what you want about carbon trading here eg - [Carbon trading info - countries are permitted to use a trading system to help meet their emissions targets. In principle, a country may allocate permits to individual companies for the emission of a certain quantity of greenhouse gases. If permits are only issued to a level equal to or below the assigned amount, then a country should meet its Kyoto commitment (assuming that the measures of its emissions are accurate). If a country is incapable of meeting its target, it can buy permits from countries that are under their targets. Similarly, companies within a country that prove more able to reduce their emissions are allowed to ‘trade’ excess permits to other, more polluting, enterprises] [Throw little scrap of carbon away] So, rest of the world. How are you feeling about the rich nations? How do you feel when everyone in a rich country says it’s not their problem? [Riot ensues — yay. or folks ask for RN to give some back..or not much happens! thank ~everyone and they wil probably sit back down..]

Why Should You Care? So by now, maybe you’re wondering, “Why Should You Care?”. Let’s do a quick survey of the class. Who thinks climate change is a problem worthy of their attention? [If hands go up, ask them why think that. Facilitate a discussion:] For those still not sure, consider this: Global Warming will affect everyone on this planet. Yet the sacrifices each one of you sitting in this room would need to make to deal with the issue, as far as your lifestyle or financial position, is almost nothing, if we act now. The Stern Review estimates that meaningful action now by developed countries (that means us) to ensure CO2 concentrations remain under 550 ppm will only cost 1-2% of the global GDP. [If simple explanation is needed:] That means, out of all the money that all the nations on Earth spend and consume each year, they’d only need to spend 1-2% of it to deal with the global warming issue to a satisfactory standard. ([If anyone asks what the Stern Review is] - a 700-page report released in 2006 by economist Lord Stern for the British government, which discusses the effect of climate change on the world economy. It is the largest and most widely discussed report of its kind.) So to answer the question of “Why Should You Care”, lets ask ourselves: “What are the consequences of inaction?”.

Environmental Impacts
What can we expect if CO2 concentrations exceed 550ppm (This the Stern Review target)? – currently they’re around 440 ppm? [Ask the class. Write their responses on the board]. Here are some of ours <summarise the below if pressed for time>: Warming of the oceans leads to coral bleaching. A 1.4 degree temperature rise will be enough to destroy most of the world’s coral reefs such as the Great Barrier Reef, leading to loss of ecological diversity especially around coastal eco-systems. Loss of ocean life. Warmer oceans will affect migration patterns, food supply etc. Also increase in algae blooms which, potentially has devastating environmental impacts. Rising sea levels due to melting polar caps, glaciers etc. A rise of 2 degrees will likely trigger irreversible melting of the Greenland ice sheet, causing a mean ocean rise. Many low altitude islands, and coastal cities will be submerged. Especially south pacific region, Leading to large scale social displacement, With it loss of lives, culture. But don’t worry, we don’t have many coastal cities in Australia, just Sydney, Perth, Melbourne, Adelaide…! [More Environmental Consequences:] Optional It’s also likely that global warming will cause- Unpredictable, violent, weather. Unseasonable weather, and more weather extremes, such as extended droughts, flash flooding etc. Economic cost of damage. We are already beginning to witness heat waves in Europe as well as un-seasonal blizzards in continental USA. Spread of insect borne diseases such as malaria due to temperature rise coupled with moist, humid conditions. Loss of fragile eco-systems such as rainforests. With it, loss of many animal species such as amphibians. If emissions are not reduced, we run the risk of a runaway, unstoppable atmospheric heating chain reaction due to the melting of natural carbon ‘banks’ such as peat bogs. Further exacerbating the problem.

Other Impacts… Livelihoods of Future Generations Socio-economic Impact
[Socio-Economic Consequences:] Developing economies may collapse due to decrease in agricultural yield. This has wider implications such as global food shortages, social inequities and a risk of conflict. Also extreme poverty for developing communities. Some analysts predict great depression type economic downturn in the case of severe temperature rise (> 5 degrees). - Remember from our game – who had the money and was responsible for more of the emissions? <rich nations> And yet who are we saying will suffer? <poor nations, developing nations> Substantial economic cost of reversing the greenhouse effect. It will cost more the longer we wait. Wide spread cultural displacement in all parts of the globe. Developing communities most severely affected. Socio-economic Impact

Something to Think About…
The Red Cross states: “Natural disasters in 1998 created more refugees than wars or other armed conflicts. Declining soil fertility, drought, flooding and deforestation drove 25 million ‘environmental refugees’ from their land...The group represented 58% of the total refugee population worldwide” And here’s what the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies has to say: [Read from the slide]

Climate Justice “The idea of fair distribution of responsibility among the developed countries to avert or cushion the negative impacts of global warming on disadvantaged communities.” So, climate Justice - [Read from the slide:] Climate Justice is the idea of fair distribution of responsibility among the developed countries to avert or cushion the negative impacts of global warming on disadvantaged communities. Global Warming will exacerbate the economic and social differences between developed and developing communities. Those hit hardest will originate from some of the poorest, most disadvantaged communities in the world. As Australians, we pride ourselves in giving everyone a “fair go”. But consider if this is fair: Can we deny the industrialisation of developing countries when the developed world has freely polluted the atmosphere for the past 200 years to reach its current status? Isn’t it only fair that developing economies like China and India are given the same opportunity to improve their standard of living? *If* the developed world is greatly responsible for Global Warming, doesn’t that make us morally accountable for the consequences? As members of the international community, it is our obligation to improve the standard of living for all its citizens, regardless of race and culture; and this is the message we like to promote. Climate Justice emphasises the notion of equal responsibility for past emissions by developed countries to ensure that disadvantaged communities are not left to pay the price for our former ignorance. On the bright side, positive action has already been kick started in Europe with Scandinavian countries actively pioneering engineering solutions such as renewable energy to reduce their emissions.

Something to Think About…
In a nutshell, Climate Justice focuses on “Who is Hurt, How are they Hurt, and Who is responsible for it”. From this diagram, we can see that developed countries are doing the hurting. In fact, following the Kyoto Protocol, Australia is polluting 18 times more than we should. Yet, poor and developing countries will be taking the greatest impact of climate change. Here are some of the reasons why: They have fewer options for responding to the economic and social burden of climate change. Global Warming threatens to decimate the agriculture in developing countries which accounts for a large percentage of their GDP % of developing countries rely on agriculture as their primary industry. If sea levels rise any significant amount, many people in coastal areas will be displaced – for instance, for a sea level rise of 1.5 metres in the Ganges River delta, it is estimated that 17 million people will be displaced. A rise of 3m, Calcutta in India will be submerged, leaving another 4.5 million homeless. Already we may be witnessing possibly the first climate refugees in Central Africa.

Recommendations Emissions Trading – Setting and Promoting CO2 reduction targets Technology Cooperation – Increased funding for R&D into low carbon technologies Action to Reduce Deforestation – Loss of forests contributes more to Global Warming than entire transport sector. Adaptation – Climate Change to be integrated into development policy. And here are some recommendations as suggested by the Stern Review. Engineers can help out directly on two important elements of the above – guesses? Answer: Technology Cooperation (engineers are crucial to designing and implementing new technologies) and Adaptation (engineers are also crucial in adapting existing technologies, and implementing changes to the way our existing systems operate – systems like transport, energy, food supply, housing developments – you name it!) <BIG POINT HERE – SLOW DOWN:> The final point of ‘Adaptation’ is an important yet often neglected side effect of Global Warming. Discussion on Climate Change usually revolves around Science and Economics. Adaptation recognises that global warming will have the greatest impact on developing communities. According to the concept of CLIMATE JUSTICE, it is the role of developed countries (like Australia, US, Japan) to assist the developing countries to adopt technologies which do not exacerbate the problem of Climate Change, while allowing developing countries to meet their needs and defend themselves from the impacts of Cliimate Change. From the Stern Review Summary of Conclusions, pg 9

How are the undeveloped nations being affected by global warming and climate change?
What technologies can we use to stop climate change from having such a large impact? So, it has been identified that the people who are going to suffer the most, at least in the short term are people from impoverished countries. Particularly those already with a harsh climate like Africa and Asia and other small island communities. Although it is the developed nations who are responsible for most of the global warming and carbon emissions, we aren’t the ones who are suffering the most. Is this fair? Obviously those in drought stricken countries or places that have been catastrophically flooded recently, or those people who are gradually losing their homes to a rising sea level would say “ definitely not fair”. They are powerless to stop a rising sea level or to make it rain, however its our actions that is causing the frequency of these events. But what engineering solutions do we have to stop climate change having such a large impact on these countries?

1. Agriculture Climate change has been shown to affect: Land quality
Soil nutrients Soil acidity Water retention Drainage We’ll start by going over a few of the more obvious consequences of climate change and the effects that they are having on colonies all over the world. We’ll also cover a few of the proposed engineering solutions that may reduce the impact of these consequences and you’ll get to think about the validity of each of these solutions. First up is Agriculture: Impacts on agriculture may begin with changes in crop yield at a local scale, but are ultimately felt around the world in higher prices and transportation costs. Vast subsidies in many industrialized countries ensure farmers in these countries remain in business; poor farmers in developing countries with little support are highly vulnerable. Huge impacts on farming are expected and these will eventually filter down to impact the consumer through new market competition and rising costs. [Read slide]

Engineering Solutions Impact management
Civil and Environmental engineering Drainage system Bore water holes Reticulation systems The engineering solutions that are applicable in a poverty stricken country are very different to the engineering solutions that you may just apply in your back yard. For instance … [read from slide] But are all these solutions ethical? It depends on how readily these solutions can be replicated in a country, and adopted by all - Is it ok to spend millions of dollars sinking deep bores into the earth to reticulate someone's field when the town of people living 2 km away have to walk 5 km to the nearest river every morning, just to get the water that they need to survive on for the day? Care must be taken to develop solutions that are appropriate for the location, so that in the long term, the solution may be readily adopted and maintained.

2. Weather anomalies Floods Heat waves Drought Rising sea level
Decreased or increased precipitation Powerful storm surges Some of the more heavily publicized consequences of climate change are the weather anomalies that have been increasing in frequency over the past few decades. Flooding of low-lying areas including rural and metropolitan areas has occurred more and more frequently often triggered by storm surges of extreme intensity such as that created by hurricane Katrina in I’m sure you all remember the catastrophic effect that had upon New Orleans and the huge amount of damage caused to people and the economy of the region. It is estimated to be around $50 billion USD. Often the weather anomalies by themselves can seem like small events that will last only a finite amounts of time. Its when two or more noticeable affects combine that you see how much damage climate change is doing. A couple of examples: -Storm surges and rising sea level can completely swamp small islands causing loss of life and stocks -Drought and parched land and heavy precipitations can cause nutrient leaching of the land and often can create dangerous conditions for mudslides and mudpools. - Drought and rising sea levels can cause the water table to rise and become saltier and water with increased salinity is used water the crops which will die because of the salt. The soil will become to salty to sustain plant life.

Engineering solutions Impact management
Improve building designs design Better town layout and planning for low-lying areas Improving disaster relief accessibility Coastal dams and seawalls Drainage systems to cope with flood situations. Predict weather events before they arise There are a lot of engineering solutions which can reduce the severity of damage caused by some of these extreme weather occurrences. These include; better building design to cope with high winds, extreme temperatures and high rain. This might mean reinforced walls and better structural strength of materials used in the design. The 3 little pigs down here will tell you that it’s always worth making your house out of something nice and strong. Better design and planning of towns in low lying areas so they won’t be as susceptible to sea level rises and floods Building infrastructure to make the towns more accessible to disaster relief Building dams and seawalls to prevent flooding, and drainage systems to cope with floods if they do occur We can also try to foresee the problems before they arise. This means monitoring and documenting changes in the environment and create simulations s to prepare for future challenges. Again, an important factor with these Obviously these solutions cost quite a lot of money so again, the poorer countries are at a greater disadvantage because most of them would not be able to afford these type of upgrades. For any home to be flood proof, storm proof, heat proof and wind proof, whether it be a house, apartment block or high rise office block, there must be enough money available in design and construction to ensure its integrity in a severe weather event. Also when it comes to drainage systems and dams, funding must be available throughout the design and for maintenance though the life of the structure. How can poorer countries afford this? Volunteer organizations such as EWB and red cross raise money and donate resources to these causes but more is always required. If you want to make a difference to lives of disadvantages communities a career as an engineer is one of the best ways to do this.

3. Sanitization and Health
Extreme weather conditions can cause: Waste management issues Food and water contamination Destroy food sources, leading to malnutrition and a rise in disease Spread of insect and water borne diseases Floods and extreme weather conditions can bring about issues with waste management and contamination of food and water supplies. Most locations are not set up to handle a full scale flood situation therefore when massive amounts of rain falls, it puts the drainage systems and other sewerage systems under a lot of stress. Often these systems will fail which can result in sewerage pipes bursting and waste contamination of the surrounding areas. Subsequently in less developed regions the waste can flow back into the drinking water which becomes unsafe to drink. If the population have no other source of water then there will be major issues in health. When a major food source is destroyed or damaged the population can suffer from malnutrition if no substitute can be found. This can lead to a weakening of the immune system and will result in a higher rate of disease and a higher mortality rate. Migration of disease carrying insects and bacteria has increased with the rise in temperature around the world. Warmer climates are more appealing to most insects and bacteria so as the temperatures rise more and more areas are effected by new diseases. Also as the warm seasons are now getting longer the amount of time throughout the year that a disease will be highly contagious is increasing.

Engineering solutions Impact management
Better sanitization systems Clean water, and storage systems Appropriate housing A lot of the answers to the impacts of Climate change on health come from medical treatments and prevention. Ensuring a clean and steady water supply, and an effective waste management system is in place, greatly reduces the impacts of climate change on a community’s health. Also, since many water-borne diseases are carried by mosquitoes and other aquatic insects and animals, if a community is able to receive a piped water supply, it will mean they no longer have to visit an open water source (eg. River, lake) and the chances of contracting a disease will greatly reduce.

Summary Climate change consequences: Agriculture devastation,
Animal extinction and migration Weather anomalies Health emergencies Poorer countries will suffer the most in the short term [Read from slide]

Summary continued THE GOOD NEWS ….
There are plenty of solutions to these issues THE CHALLENGES … Some of the solutions have ethical issues They all cost money, a problem for poorer countries, who are rarely the cause of Climate Change forces But the good news is there’s things we can do to help. Today, we’ve been through a lot of the engineering solutions that can help. The thing is these solutions cost money, and people in the poorer countries generally don’t have enough money available.

Part 2: Green transport Aim of green transport:
To produce transportation methods (both public and private vehicles) which emit fewer greenhouse gases. Pie chart shows how CO2 is produced Let’s take a look closer to home before we wind up today… The next part of today's presentation will be a short look at which forms of transport emit the highest greenhouse gas count and how we can reduce this amount when we travel. Some of you may have wondered just how significant your family or your own future choice of transport will be to minimising your impacts to our atmosphere. As you can see from the graph, emissions from vehicles make up about 1 third of CO2 emissions, and the aim of ‘green transport’ is to decrease the use of vehicles that emit large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and encourage the use of those forms of transportation that only emit small amounts. Another aim is to develop technologies that are more efficient and appealing to the public. Such as hybrid or electric cars. 29

Typical emissions of various vehicles
So if we just take a quick look at this graph you can see that the worst emitter of greenhouse gases in the transport sector is big cars SUV’s, 4 wheel drives and large trucks when carrying only one person. Don’t worry about the units too much, focus on the comparison. Next is the average car- again carrying one person. How many times have you seen a massive car with just one person sitting in it on their way to work or the shops? Think about how silly that is – would you carry a suitcase that weighed 50 kg between classes for the sake of carrying a few books? After these modes of transport is the airplane. Some plots show the airplane as the highest emitter in the transport sector because they take the emission quantities of the most inefficient planes. When the statistics gathered from all forms of airplane travel are used it can be found that they are not always at the top of the list. However, remember that this graph shows emissions PER DISTANCE, so obviously an interstate or international flight each year will cause far more emission of CO2 than months of driving by the average person’. And as we can see the vehicles appearing lower down the list are far less significant such as the hybrid vehicle, and forms of transport that carry multiple passengers like buses and trains. Obviously the lowest emission form of transport is walking or riding. 30

Large car comparison Now we’re going to have a quick look at car technology and the differences in emissions of some “fully sick” vehicles and some more sensible alternatives. First we’ll look at the large cars which as we know, produce the most greenhouse gases. But if we look at these fuel economy figures, we can see that there is a big difference even between the large cars. A car like the Subaru Forester or Toyota RAV4 uses 9.6 L of fuel for every 100kms, which is quite a lot better than a massive car like the Porsche Cayenne. The Porsche uses 14.9 L per 100 kms! And of course a car that uses that much fuel is going to emit a lot of CO2 and other greenhouse gases – not to mention how much money you have to spend at the petrol pump. So if you had to go with a large car, it’d be a good idea to go with something like the Toyota or Subaru, but … 31

Medium car comparison If you go with a medium sized car, you’re going to be saving a lot more fuel. Once again there’s still quite a bit of variation between the different types, with BMW here using only 8.4 L per 100 kms compared to the Ford Falcon using 11.1 L per 100 kms, which is about as much as a large car. 32

Small car comparison But of course, the best option if you want to drive a car without adding too much to global warming is a small car. You can see here that the small cars only use about half as much fuel as the large ones. Even the worst offender in this list, the Nissan Micra, only uses 6.8 L per 100 kms. And the Ford Fiesta and Toyota Yaris only use 6.1 L per 100 kms. Not bad! 33

Transport conclusions
Obviously – the smaller the car, the fewer emissions. So why do people keep buying the most heavily polluting cars? Do you really need a 4WD? Do you have the most fuel efficient model? So we don’t need a graph to tell us what is going on, the data pretty much speaks for itself. And its logical! If you think about the weight of one of those Porsche 4WD vs the weight of a Toyota yaris then you’ll see the reason. The larger car has to carry so much more weight! If each car is used to transport one passenger the same distance it seems pretty illogical to go in such a massive car. But yet people do it! Can anybody suggest some reasons why people go for these cars? Yep, they were some valid reasons, but if we really think about it, is it worth sacrificing our environment and our planets future for ( name a few reasons) So when thinking of the car you need, think about things like, do I really need a 4WD? Is there another way I can transport larger things? Perhaps borrow a friends 4WD when required? 34

Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Hydrogen cell
Vehicle technology Petrol engine Diesel engine Electric motor Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Hydrogen cell And when you’re thinking of what kind of car you need, remember that petrol isn’t the only option to run your car. Petrol engines would be what most of you are familiar with as it is the most common fuel type in the suburban area- most likely the cars your parents drive are petrol engine. Diesel engines are mostly used in trucks and large vehicles. They are more efficient than petrol engines but they produce high concentrations of NOx which is very bad for the environment, so they’re not necessarily a better option. The electric motor is a new technology being developed for small and medium sized cars, and you can already by hybrid cars like the Toyota Prius, which runs partly on fuel and partly on electricity. These cars are quite a lot better for global warming. LNG can be used for all classes of vehicle but is generally used in heavy vehicles which are used frequently. There are a few issues associated with refuelling, storage, and flammability of the gas, but itts very efficient, has low emissions and as it is so concentrated that it doesn’t take up a lot of volume in the vehicle. LPG- Liquid propane gas- is also very efficient and has low emissions. Quite a lot of small to medium sized cars run on LPG, and you can even convert your current car to an LPG engine! Hydrogen cell- some buses are being trialed using the hydrogen cell- the basic equation is hydrogen + oxygen = water! So the only emission this fuel makes is water! However there are some issues with the amount of energy required to liquefy and purify the hydrogen before it is put in the vehicle. So there are a whole heap of different vehicle fuels that can be used for lots of different situations. 35

The prevention is better than the cure
So lets start preventing NOW! Talk to people about climate change and what they can do Set an example! Reduce, re-use and recycle! Buy better products Support greener companies Try to make yourselves carbon neutral! [Read out slide points and elaborate if necessary] And remember, short term engineering solutions are great, they can help to save lives and assist in global aid to all countries. However we cant just keep coming up with new ways to overcome the obstacles that climate change has presented to us. We have to work out ways to stop climate change from happening further than we can control. That is something for EVERYONE to take part in. In your everyday lives there are so many ways that you can assist in lowering green house gas emissions and decreasing the carbon footprint of yourself and your families. This will set the example to others and If we are all able to make some changes in our lives then we can control the climate change occurring and ensure it doesn’t get any worse.

Electricity and Transport – how do they effect climate change?
NEXT TIME… Electricity and Transport – how do they effect climate change? Renewable energy – the global warming solution? United Nations Climate Change Assembly – YOU will be the members!! [Read out slide points and elaborate if necessary] And that’s all for today. Thank you very much for your attention. Next time we will look at an example of an EWB project that involves smart energy use. Goodbye!

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