1. Unit 2 – Population Pt. 2

2. Population and Natural Hazards
Population levels have always fluctuated according to the natural environment.
When the climate is favorable – population increases – (food supply is sufficient when the climate is good)
Generally – adaptations to climate conditions allow for predictable weather patterns.
Seasons – some areas that typically stay the same year round may be able to grow food all year, whereas some areas having a growing season and then no planting or growing for several months.

3. Dramatic Changes
If dramatic changes occur, the death rate will likely increase until adaptations, such as warmer housing and better methods of heating spaces are made. Ex: “Little Ice Age” – 17th Century – population levels decreased significantly.
Population levels can be negatively impacted by natural disasters, such as drought, hurricanes, typhoons, and tsunamis.

4. Modern Efforts
Human endeavors have often lessened these negative checks through better health care and more control over food production.
Many diseases have been eradicated or controlled.
Globalization has meant more contacts among peoples of the earth, and one result is the potential for rapid spread of communicable diseases.
EX: AIDS – a disease that began in central Africa during the late 20th Century, and spread to many countries across the continent and overseas before the end of the century.
Pandemic – fear of widespread epidemic such as bird flu.

5. Population Policies
Over the past century many governments have designed policies to influence the overall growth rate of their populations – RESTRICTIVE POPULATION POLICIES
Toleration of officially banned means of birth control (abortion / birth control pills)
Prohibition of large families (China)
China and India – the two most populous countries of the world have taken very different approaches to population growth. Resulting in different current population patterns and problems, as well as predictions for the future.

6. China Chinese Leader – Mao Zedong
1965 – ever-expanding population is a “good thing”.
1974 –population policies “imperialist tools”
1976 – Mao’s death – China had a population of 850 million people with a birthrate of 35. His successors recognized the problems associated with overpopulation.
Advocated for the “Two child Family”
Provided services including abortions
Birth rate dropped to 19.5% by the late 1970’s.
1979 China’s new leader, Deng Xiaoping went even further instituting the “one child policy”. This program included both incentives and penalties to assure that couples produce only one child.

7. Late marriages encouraged, and free contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations were provided to families that followed the policy.
Penalties, including steep fines, were imposed on couples that had a second child.

8. Problems with the Policy
Female Infanticide – the killing of baby girls – traditional society has always valued males above females, many couples want their one child to be a boy.
If a girl is born instead, some have chosen to end the child’s life so that they can try again to have a boy. The incidence of female infanticide is almost impossible to tally, but the practice has led to a disproportionate number of male to female children.
China’s population pyramid has developed a lopsided number of young adult males to young adult females. The problem is serious enough that many young men are unable to find women to marry.

9. India
Unlike China, India has had a problem coordinating a centralized population policy. India is a federation of 28 states and 7 “union territories,” all of which are culturally and politically diverse. The national government cannot force its will on the states and territories that have various problems and policies. Population growth is the greatest in the northeast – Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram, where the of natural increase exceeded 4.5% during the 1970’s . As a result famine has plagued the area, even when there is adequate food in other parts of the country.

10. By the 1950’s by providing limiting funds for family planning clinics and programs, but they did little to stop population growth.
In the 1960s the government invested heavily in a national program that it encouraged

11. Migration
Salinas, CA
Haitian Refugees

12. Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Why do people migrate?
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Emigration and immigration
Change in residence.
Relative to origin and destination.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

13. World Migration Routes Since 1700
Source: adapted from Getis et al. (1991) “Introduction to Geography”. 3rd edition.
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

14. Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Two Big Waves:
: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910
Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)
Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans
Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and South Korea
Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991.
Ellis Island National Monument

15. Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Migration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain
Three trends:
Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration
Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York
Caribbean: Florida or New York
Chinese and Indians: New York & California
Other Asians: California
Armenians: ????
Ellis Island National Monument

16. U.S. Immigration Policies
1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)
1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas
1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West
1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum
1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.
1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000
1995, visas issued Preferentially:
480,000 - to relatives of people here
140,000 - to those with special skills and education
55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia)
Current Total: 675,000

18. US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
Source: US Census Bureau.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

19. Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998
Source: INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

20. Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

21. Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)
Male
Female
Age
Male
Female
Source: US Census Bureau, 2000.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

22. Types of Migration Internal Migration Within one country.
Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries.
Movements between states or provinces.
Little government control.
Factors:
Employment-based.
Retirement-based.
Education-based.
Civil conflicts (internally displaced population).
Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

23. Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, 1990-98 (in 1,000s)
Source: The Economist, March 11th 2000.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

24. The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000 Source: U. S
The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web:

25. Types of Migration Circular migration Spring Summer
Fall / Winter
Spring
Summer
Circular migration
A type of temporary migration.
Associated with agricultural work.
The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.
Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

26. Types of Migration Voluntary migration Forced Migration
The migrant makes the decision to move.
Most migration is voluntary.
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process.
Slavery.
About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.
In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
Refugees.
Military conscription.
Children of migrants.
Situations of divorce or separation.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

27. Key Term: Forced Migration

28. Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838

29. Slaves Reaching British North America, 1601-1867 (in 1,000s)
Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, 68.1, January 2001.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

30. Interregional Migrations
U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

31. Voluntary African-American Migrations
Blacks moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).

32. Intraregional Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization
Developed Countries: suburbanization
automobiles and roads
‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

33. Intraregional Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
migration from rural areas
lack of jobs in countryside
lack of services in cities
Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list
Lagos, Nigeria
Mumbai, India
Mexico City, Mexico