1. Canada
Pages 164 – 171
And
Pages

2. Vocabulary
Cultural Mosaic – When people from different areas keep their cultural identity.
Constitutional Monarchy – Government in which the power of the king or queen is limited by the constitution.
Plural Society – A society in which people are encouraged to maintain their distinctive cultural, ethnic, and racial identities.

3. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Canada’s climate and landforms divide it into several different regions.

4. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Canada borders the United States to the North
The two countries share many traits in common.
Canada is the second largest country in the world in land area. (Russia is the largest)

5. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Arctic Region
Mainly consists of Arctic Archipelago
Within the Arctic Circle
Tundra climate with freezing temperatures in both summer and winter. Limited Vegetation – moss and shrubs
Subarctic climate with short cool rainy summers.
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6. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Arctic Region
The Arctic Archipelago is made up of thousands of islands that are covered in ice and snow almost all year. It thaws for a short time in the summer but it is considered to have permafrost. Permafrost is soil that doesn’t thaw.
Baffin Island, which is where our musical selection was from, is located in the Arctic Archipelago.

7. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Canadian Shield
Large rocky area with many lakes
Located from the Hudson Bay to the Canadian Cordillera
Subarctic climate with short cool rainy summers.
Continental, Cool Summer climate with hot and humid summers and very cold winters.
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8. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Canadian Shield
Largest physical region, covering 2.8 million square miles.
This region was created by glaciers. The Great Lakes were also created by glaciers.
There are many minerals in this region. Copper, Iron, Nickel, Lead, Gold, and Silver can be found here.

9. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Atlantic Provinces
Contains the northern part of the Appalachian Mts.
Located in the East near the Atlantic Ocean.
Continental, Cool Summer climate with hot and humid summers and very cold winters.
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10. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Atlantic Provinces
The Grand Banks is found in this region. The Grand Banks is one of the best fishing areas in the world. It is considered a mixing zone. This is because warm waters from the Gulf Stream and cold waters from the Labrador Current meet and mix here. This causes nutrients to be stirred up and the plankton eats the nutrients. Fish then come to the area to eat the plankton.

11. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
St. Lawrence River Valley
Most Populated Region which is located near the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean.
St. Lawrence River is the longest and most important river in Canada.
Continental, Cool Summer climate with hot and humid summers and very cold winters.
The St. Lawrence River, like many rivers in Canada, is used to produce Hydroelectric Power.
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12. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
St. Lawrence River Valley
St. Lawrence lowland is found on both sides of the river.
It is a good place for farming and industry. There is fertile soil here and it is near the river which is good for trade and transportation.
It is called Canada’s Heartland because most of Canada’s people, industries, cities, and farmland is found there.
The river connects inland Canada with the Atlantic Ocean.

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Interior Plains
These plains are a part of the Great Plains.
Located between the Canadian Shield and Cordillera.
Continental, Cool Summer climate with hot and humid summers and very cold winters.
Fertile land that host small farms and ranches.
Natural gas and coal are also found in this region.
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14. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Canadian Cordillera
Contains the northern part of the Rocky Mts.
Near the Pacific Ocean
Continental, Cool Summer climate with hot and humid summers and very cold winters.
Also has the maritime climate and semiarid climate. Maritime is influenced by the weather coming off of the ocean. Semiarid climates have summer and winter but can experience drought.
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15. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
Canadian Cordillera
Cordillera means “mountain ranges” in Spanish.
This area is known for great views, ski resorts, and it has a history in mining.

16. Section 1: Chapter Atlas Pages 164 - 171
After learning about all of the different regions, use this population density map to decide why the population is concentrated in certain areas.

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Canada’s Economy –
Changed from a dependence on natural resources to a service based economy.
Industries were using many natural resources so the government put out regulations to decrease the use of the resources.
Agriculture and Fishing Industries have decreased
18%
12%
2007 2%

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Canada’s Environment
Natural Resources and the environment have been threatened.
Air Pollution is a major issue. The USA works with Canada to reduce Air Pollution.
1990’S – Air Quality Agreement to reduce acid rain
2003 – Border Quality Strategy to reduce smog near US Canada border.
In 1997 Canada enacted the Climate Change Plan that contained guidelines to reduce global warming.
The Arctic however is still fragile and threatened by things such as gas and oil spills.

19. Section 2: Canada Today Pages 178 - 183
Canada’s Government
The United States and Canada have many similarities; however, history, culture, and politics are different.
The United States experienced a fast break with Great Britain, while Canada had a long, slow separation.

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The British created Canada in 1867.
In 1982 Canada passed a constitution. It is called the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. (Similar to the US Bill of Rights)
Canada has a Constitutional Monarchy. They have three branches of government which is similar to the United States.
The Queen’s role is ceremonial. Her representative the Governor General alternates between a French and English Canadian. (They must be bilingual though.)

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Executive
Legislative
Judicial
The King and Queen and their representative the Governor General have limited duties.
Creates and Passes Laws
* Leader of the Majority Party becomes the Prime Minister
Applies and Interprets the laws of the Canadian Constitution
Queen Elizabeth
Judiciary
Parliament
Prime Minister
Stephen Harper
Governor General
Michaëlle Jean
House of Commons Senate
Supreme Court /Federal Court

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The three branches of the government are a little different from the US because there are no divisions between the executive and legislative branches.
Canada’s government’s goal is to work to preserve the diversity of their cultures.

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Canada has good healthcare, laws to improve the environment, modern transportation, and a high standard of living.
#1 in the percentage of college graduates in its total population.
#2 in Internet Users
99% Literacy Rate
Unemployment is low

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Canada and Trade
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) allows more than 1 billion dollars of trade to go between Canada and the US per day.
WTO (World Trade Organization) also helps to increase their trade.

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Canada is a peacekeeping country.
They work with the United Nations on almost every peacekeeping mission the UN has gone on since 1956.

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Canada’s Culture
The population is a mix of Indigenous people, descendants of early settlers who were from England and France, and immigrants from other countries.

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Canada is a plural society. They are also said to have a cultural mosaic.
In the 1970’s Canada adopted a multicultural viewpoint. This means that they encourage their citizens to carry on their parents’ and grandparents’ culture.

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French and English are both official languages of the country.
Toronto is the largest Canadian city and one of the most diverse ethnic cities in the world.
Montreal and Vancouver are also large and diverse cities.

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US culture flows easily into Canada.
Canada’s biggest challenge is to keep their Canadian identity.
A law has been made that Canadian TV must show a certain amount of Canadian content programming.

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Geography and Diversity are important in Canada’s future.
Also, relationships with the United States concerning foreign policy, trade, economy, and culture are important to Canada.