1. Migration Hey… Why are you leaving?

2. A German-English Cartographer and Geographer Most known for developing 11 “Laws of Migration.” Ravenstein’s Laws are a model that address: 1.Why people migrate 2.How far they migrate 3.Who migrates Zees vas a fery bad picture, mine apologees. EG RAVENSTEIN

3. PUSH FactorsPULL Factors Generally negative Life factors that compel you to leave (EMIGRATE FROM) your current location Generally positive Life factors that attract you go to (IMMIGRATE TO) a new location PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

4. ECONOMIC PUSH AND PULL FACTORS 1. Most people migrate for economic reasons ECONOMIC PUSHESECONOMIC PULLS People emigrate from places with few job opportunities People immigrate to places with ample job opportunities North America is a popular economic destination The attractiveness of a region shifts with economic change

5. 2. Cultural factors also cause people to migrate, but less so CULTURAL PUSHES There have been two major cultural push factors Slavery Political Instability/Revolution CULTURAL PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

6. Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their homes and migrate to another country for political reasons and cannot return for fear of persecution due to religion, nationality, ethnicity, membership in a social / political group. In 2010, the UN counted 10.6 million refugees worldwide. Countries producing large numbers of refugees: Iraq (the kurds), Afghanistan, Palestine Countries producing large numbers of IDP: Sudan, Columbia, DRC, China FORCED MIGRATION

7. Refugees often demonstrate common characteristics: Travel by primitive mode of transportation Has no documentation Has no hopes to return home Has no clear destination Carries few supplies Is a member of an unstratified group An internally Displaced Person (IDP) is a refugee within her own country, and asylum seekers are refugees who flee to other countries hoping to be legal permanent residence. In 2010, the UN estimated there were 14.7 million IDPs and 838,000 asylum seekers worldwide. FORCED MIGRATION

8. CULTURAL PUSHESCULTURAL PULLS Forced migration is a result of cultural push factors Political Instability/Revolution Democratic GovernmentEducational FreedomCareer Choice Choice of residence CULTURAL PUSH AND PULL FACTORS But culture can also act as a pull factor

9. 3. Environmental factors may cause people to migrate, but less so ENVIRONMENTAL PUSHES Hazards ENVIRONMENTAL PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

10. Manmade Hazards US Nuclear Reactor Sites

11. Natural Hazards Wildfire Hazard Areas Drought Hazard Areas Flood Hazard Areas Tornado Hazard Areas Earthquake Hazard Areas

12. Hazards Population NATURAL DISASTERS Natural disasters occur where hazards and population intersect

14. ENVIRONMENTAL PULLS Mountains Seasides Warm Climates Hazards and Disasters are environmental pushes ENVIRONMENTAL PUSHES Hazards ENVIRONMENTAL PUSH AND PULL FACTORS Environmental factors may also Pull people Environmental factors may also Pull people

15. Net migration refers to whether the total amount of migration in a given region is negative or positive. If more people are moving out than are moving into a region, then net migration is negative and is called NET OUT MIGRATION. If more people are moving into a region than are moving out, then net migration is positive and is called NET IN MIGRATION. Net In regions are considered to be attractors, while Net Out regions are considered unattractive. NET MIGRATION

16. Migrants do not always reach their destination. Sometimes they get stopped or turned back. An intervening obstacle is an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. Environmental Intervening Obstacles: Mountains Bodies of Water Deserts Cultural Intervening Obstacles: Ethnocentrism Racism Xenophobia Immigration Laws/policies INTERVENING OBSTACLES

17. Sometimes immigrants get sidetracked. An intervening opportunity is a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one. Economic Intervening Opportunities: Jobs Maquilladoras Near US- Mexico Border INTERVENING OPPORTUNITIES

18. INTERVENING OBSTACLE Or INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY ORIGINDESTINATION ALTERNATE DESTINATION 1. According to Lee, both origins and destinations have push and pull factors about them. 2. Some Migrants will leave their destination, encounter an intervening OBSTACLE and be forced to return to their origin. 3. Others migrants will encounter an intervening obstacle, overcome it and make it to their planned destination 4. And others will encounter intervening opportunities and decide to stay at an alternate destination LEE’S MODEL OF MIGRATION

19. 4. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain in the same country Internal MigrationInternational Migration It is permanent movement within the same country Internal migrants are more numerous than international migrants. In keeping with Distance Decay theory, the farther a away a place is, the less likely someone is to move to it. Internal moves are less traumatic and much shorter. Two Kinds: Interregional migration- movement from one region of a country to another in the same country. Intraregional- movement within one region of the same country. It is permanent movement to another country. International moves are less numerous than internal moves. Two kinds: Voluntary migration- the migrant has chosen to move for whatever factor. Forced migration- the migrant has been compelled to move, usually by cultural factors (refugees). 5. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for center of economic activity DISTANCE OF MIGRATION

20. THE GRAVITY MODEL The Gravity Model is used as a rough value of the likelihood of interaction (exchange of people in this case) between two places. You could use it to determine if Chattanooga (place A) would have more or less migration interaction with Nashville (place B) or with Atlanta (place C). The formula is: (Population A x Poplulation B) (Distance A to B)² The larger number from the two calculations indicates more interaction.

21. Geographer Wilbur Zelinsky studied migration patterns and correlated them to economic patterns within and between countries. He developed a model for migration patterns called the Migration Transition that correlated reasons for migration with the various stages of the Demographic Transition. THE MIGRATION TRANSITION Aren’t I a handsome devil?

22. The Demographic Transition CBR is high, variable CDR is high, variable NIR is near zero, fluctuating Population is stable and low In stage 1 of the MIGRATION TRANSITION, there is no real migration. Instead, there is high, daily and seasonal circulation is search of food. In stage 1 of the MIGRATION TRANSITION, there is no real migration. Instead, there is high, daily and seasonal circulation is search of food. THE MIGRATION TRANSITION STAGE 1

23. CBR is high, variable CDR drops dramatically NIR rises sharply Population explodes In Stage 2 of the migration Transition, as countries enter stage 2 of the DT and industrialize, some former farmers migrate into urban areas of their countries. Many workers in search of work will migrate internationally to countries in stage 3 or 4 of the DT. In Stage 2 of the migration Transition, as countries enter stage 2 of the DT and industrialize, some former farmers migrate into urban areas of their countries. Many workers in search of work will migrate internationally to countries in stage 3 or 4 of the DT. The Demographic Transition THE MIGRATION TRANSITION STAGE 2

24. CBR drops steadily CDR stays low NIR begins to decrease Population grows more modestly In stage 3 of the migration transition, countries in stage three receive international migrants from stage 2 countries. They will settle in urban areas or agricultural zones. Urban residents of stage 3 countries who have accumulated enough wealth begin to move into the suburbs (internal, intraregional migration). In stage 3 of the migration transition, countries in stage three receive international migrants from stage 2 countries. They will settle in urban areas or agricultural zones. Urban residents of stage 3 countries who have accumulated enough wealth begin to move into the suburbs (internal, intraregional migration). The Demographic Transition THE MIGRATION TRANSITION STAGE 3 THE MIGRATION TRANSITION

25. CBR and CDR meets and parallel each other NIR is near zero, fluctuating Population is stable and high In Stage 4 of the migration transition, countries in stage 4 continue to receive international migrants in search of work. Stage 4 country urban residents will continue to migrate into suburban areas (internal, intraregional migration), and a few may even move back into rural areas (downshifters). In Stage 4 of the migration transition, countries in stage 4 continue to receive international migrants in search of work. Stage 4 country urban residents will continue to migrate into suburban areas (internal, intraregional migration), and a few may even move back into rural areas (downshifters). The Demographic Transition STAGE 4 THE MIGRATION TRANSITION

26. 6. Most long distance migrants are male Migrant GenderMigrant Family Status Ravenstein was right about most immigrants being males until about 20 years ago. However, in the 1990’s, the pattern reversed and women accounted for 55% of immigrants to the US. Some are coming to join husbands or brothers already here, but most are seeking work in their own right. 7. Most long distance migrants are adult individuals, not families with children About 40% of immigrants to the US are between the ages of 25 and 39 Only about 5% of immigrants to the US are over age 65 As more women have begun to migrate, more children have begun to migrate with them. Now, 16% of immigrants to the US are under age 15. Migration selectivity states that migration laws select for certain people over others: predominantly single, working- aged males MIGRATION SELECTIVITY

27. Mexican Immigration to the US

28. Many Mexicans come to the US each year both legally and permanently. Mexican immigrants to the US without proper documents (illegal aliens) are currently the largest US immigrant group. About 50% are male and 50% are female. However, not all Mexican immigrants are illegal aliens. Also, not all Mexicans who migrate to the US do so permanently. Many are seasonal migrant workers, some legal and some illegal. PATTERNS

29. The typical undocumented immigrant has four years of schooling Mexico is in stage 2 of the demographic transition, and 75% of Mexican migrants come from rural areas in Mexico. The destination of choice is definitely border states with Mexico… >50% go to CA, 20% to TX and most of the rest to other Southwestern states. PATTERNS Mexico, itself also receives immigrants, both legal and illegal (up to 2 million per year, from other Latin American countries to its south. Some will stay in Mexico, and others will head for the US border.

30. The distance decay theory would predict that most Mexican migrants would come from Northern Mexican states, but they do not. The four leading sources of Mexican migrants are the states of: Guanajuato ZacatecasChihuahua PATTERNS North Mexico has plentiful job opportunities in maquilladoras (factories).

31. Most illegal Mexican immigrants have jobs in their home villages but migrate to the US to earn more money The largest number work in agriculture picking fruits and vegetables. Many others work in clothing factorie, construction, food service, and housekeeping. Because farm work is seasonal, the flow of immigrants varies throughout the year. The greatest number of Mexican migrants flow into the US in the Autumn and back into Mexico in the Spring. PATTERNS