1. April 12, 2005 1986 1997 100 km Landsat Data Continuity Mission Briefing Deforestation: Amazon Courtesy TRFIC–MSU, Houghton et al, 2000. Presentation to the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive Advisory Committee

2. 2 Background Interagency Working Group Landsat Data Continuity Strategy NPOESS Background Landsat on NPOESS –Mission Advantages –Space Segment –Concept of Operations –User Accommodations Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status Risk of Landsat 7 Failure Landsat Data Gap Study Team Summary Agenda

3. 3 Background “The Secretary of the Interior shall provide for long-term storage, maintenance, and upgrading of a basic, global land remote sensing data set….” P.L. 102-555 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 NASA and DOI/USGS established as Landsat Program Management via Presidential Decision Directive NSTC-3 signed 5/5/94; amended 10/16/00 NASA built, then launched Landsat 7 in 1999; USGS operates satellite and manages national long-term satellite data archive Over 250 Landsat 7 scenes (nearly 8 million square kilometers) obtained per day by USGS

4. 4 Background, con’t. NASA and USGS develop a schedule for seasonal, global coverage, ensuring archive imagery for long-term land-cover record and before/after imagery of floods, forest fires, hurricanes, etc. anywhere on Earth Pre Tsunami Post Tsunami Population Impact

5. 5 Landsat Archive 33 Years and Counting: Over 1.7 million Landsat scenes Over 630 terabytes of data Note: terabyte = 109 DVD movies Grows by over 320 gigabytes/day Fire History: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado Background, con’t.

6. 6 AVHRR/ MODIS spatial resolution 15m, 30m, 90m 2048 km swath 183 km Landsat spatial resolution, 250m, 500m, 1000m spatial resolution, 15m, 30m global coverage, 2 days 16 day orbital repeat seasonal global coverage Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing ~ 10 km spatial resolution ~ 1m global coverage, decades, if ever Commercial Systems ASTER 60 km 45-60 day orbital repeat global coverage, years MISR spatial resolution, 275m, 550m, 1100m 360 km global coverage, 9 days 3300 km swath VIIRS spatial resolution, 400/800m (nadir (Vis/IR)) global coverage, 2x/day/satellite

7. 7 Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing Landsat remote sensing plays an important role in that… It gives us the "big view“ (183 by 170 km) It gives us a consistent, historical context and record It provides complete multispectral coverage (visible to infrared) It permits us to map geophysical parameters on regional, continental and global scales It permits characterization of global land changes Monitoring of gradual changes in ecosystems requires long-term, scientifically valid satellite coverage -- only Landsat provides that record Landsat-resolution data are required to: precisely assess the area(s) affected separate human disturbances from those having natural origins bridge the gap between field observations and global monitoring

8. 8 Interagency Working Group convened by White House (NSC, OMB, OSTP) after commercial replacement deemed not practical Members of IWG –NASA –NOAA –USGS –NGA –NRO Process: 6-8 months, examined over one hundred alternatives (e.g., flights of opportunity, dedicated mission) to meet the land imaging requirement Final decision is consensus of White House and agencies Interagency Working Group

9. 9 Landsat Data Continuity Strategy Memorandum from EOP/OSTP issued August 13, 2004, states that: Landsat is a National Asset The DoD, Department of the Interior, Department of Commerce and NASA agree to: –Transition Landsat measurements to an operational environment on NPOESS –Plan to incorporate a Landsat imager (Operational Land Imager – OLI) on the first NPOESS (known as C-1) scheduled for a late 2009 launch date This strategy will be justified through the normal budget process

10. NPOESS Background

11. 11 MissionMission Provide a national, operational, polar- orbiting remote-sensing capability Provide a national, operational, polar- orbiting remote-sensing capability Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programs Incorporate new technologies from NASA Incorporate new technologies from NASA Encourage International Cooperation Encourage International Cooperation METOP NPOESS Specialized Satellites Local Equatorial Crossing Time 1730 1330 2130 NPOESS NOAA/NASA/DoD Tri-agency Effort to Leverage and Combine Environmental Satellite Activities

13. 13 Atmospheric Vertical Temperature Profile Highly accurate measurement of the vertical distribution of temperature in the atmosphere in layers from the surface to 0.01 mb Major Applications 1)Initialization of Numerical Weather Prediction Models 2)Complementary data for derivation of moisture/pressure profiles and cloud properties Integrated Operational Requirements Document (IORD) Example Iterative, Disciplined Requirements Process Ensures Users Needs are Met Iterative, Disciplined Requirements Process Ensures Users Needs are Met

14. 14 Pre-Planned Product Improvement (P3I) EDR Candidates Tropospheric winds Neutral winds All weather day/night imagery Coastal sea surface winds Ocean wave characteristics Surf conditions Oil spill location Littoral current CH4 column CO column CO2 column Optical background Sea and lake ice Coastal ocean color Bioluminescence potential Coastal sea surface temperature Sea surface height coastal Bathymetry Vertical hydrometeor profile Salinity

15. 15 Program Schedule 2002A&O Contract Award 2003NPP Delta Critical Design Review 2005NPOESS  Preliminary Design Review 2006NPOESS Critical Design Review NPP Ground Readiness 2008NPP Launch 2009NPOESS Ground Readiness 2010NPOESS C1 Launch 2011 NPOESS C2 Launch Field Terminal Segment Readiness Initial Operational Capability 2013NPOESS C3 Launch 2015NPOESS C4 Launch 2017NPOESS C5 Launch 2020 End of Program Reliable and timely collection, delivery, and processing of quality environmental data FY

16. 16 NPOESS Operational Concept 1. Sense Phenomena 2. Downlink Raw Data 3. Transport Data to Centrals for Processing Monitor and Control Satellites and Ground Elements 4. Process Raw data into EDRs and Deliver to Centrals Full Capability at each Central T O BS L AT M L CL FO G LRNLRN T ATM T SKY e ij Field Terminals SafetyNet™ Receptors Global fiber network connects 15 receptors to Centrals MMC (Suitland) NESDIS/NCEP AFWA FNMOC NAVO Schriever MMC

17. 17 NPOESS Satellite and Sensors Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Bus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy Integration Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Bus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy Integration X = changed since award 1330 17302130 VIIRSX X X CMISX X X CrISX X ATMSX X SESSX X X OMPSX ADCSX X SARSATX X X ERBSX SSX X X ALT X TSIS X APS X X X X X NPP Landsat X

18. 18 NPOESS Top Level Architecture Space Segment Command & Control Segment NPP (1030) NPOESS 1330 NPOESS 1730 NPOESS 2130 Mission Management Center (MMC) at Suitland Alternate MMC at Schriever AFB Interface Data Processing Segment 15 Globally Distributed Receptor Sites Field Terminal Segment FNMOC NAVOCEANOAFWANESDIS/NCEP GPS Low Rate Data/ High Rate Data (LRD/HRD) NPP Science Data Segment CLASS NPP Data & Control Flow NPOESS Data & Control Flow CLASS NOAA Comprehensive Large Array Data Stewardship System Svalbard EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls

19. 19 SafetyNet™ –Low Data Latency and High Data Availability SafetyNet™ -- 15 globally distributed SMD receptors linked to the centrals via commercial fiber -- enables low data latency and high data availability 75% of NPOESS Data Products at the Nation’s Weather Centrals within 15 min........the rest in under 30 min Spain Perth 75% of NPOESS Data Products at the Nation’s Weather Centrals within 15 min........the rest in under 30 min Spain

20. 20

21. 21 Landsat on NPOESS Notional Location Operational Land Imager (OLI) Direction of Motion Nadir Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)

22. 22 Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020 Leverage of proposed NPOESS infrastructure Benefits derived from combining data from OLI with Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS): –Large scale processes of change detected by VIIRS can be more closely analyzed by OLI –OLI data can be used to better calibrate VIIRS and validate Environmental Data Records (EDRs) derived from VIIRS data conversely VIIRS spectral bands can be used to atmospherically correct OLI data –Terra (MODIS sensor) and Landsat 7 results have already demonstrated the potential of combining data OLI/NPOESS Mission Advantages

23. 23 OLI on NPOESS Space Segment NASA and NOAA/IPO technical team working together to address detailed technical requirements, specifically to: –Support OLI Request for Proposal (RFP) –Finalize location on NPOESS spacecraft –Conduct trade analyses for interface –Refine definition of spacecraft bus and operations modifications –Define testing approach –Develop Interface Control and Requirements Documents

24. 24 OLI/NPOESS Concept of Operations NPOESS SafetyNet Architecture Landsat data are stored in a separate solid state recorder –NPOESS and OLI data downlinked to the SafetyNet TM sites on every pass Recorder has capability to store up to 250 scenes System capability is 400+ scenes per day –OLI data will be forwarded to the USGS over commercial fiber cable from SafetyNet sites –Users pick up data directly from USGS or USGS can “push” data to local users

25. 25 OLI/NPOESS Roles and Responsibilities Build on the solid partnerships and successes of NASA, NOAA and USGS –NASA contract for the first two OLI instruments –NOAA/IPO manage OLI accommodations on NPOESS, procurement of OLIs beyond the second unit, spacecraft operations, data capture and forward data to USGS –USGS process, archive and distribute OLI data products with no restrictions, as with Landsat 7 Budgetary Responsibility –NASA responsible for funding –Development and delivery of two instruments to the NPOESS Program for integration on the NPOESS spacecraft –Provide funds to NOAA/IPO for NPOESS integration requirements in FY05 –Department of Commerce responsible for funding (FY06 and beyond) –All changes necessary to the NPOESS spacecraft and NPOESS ground system to accommodate and integrate OLI –Department of Interior/USGS responsible for funding –Changes/upgrades of the Landsat data processing and distribution system for OLI

26. 26 Landsat Status and Landsat Data Gap Study Team

27. 27 Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status Landsat 5 and its Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor are 18 years past 3-year design life Data transmitted real-time direct downlink only; no onboard payload data recorder Full US and partial global coverage Fuel depleted in Spring, 2009 Landsat 7 and its Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus (ETM+) sensor surpassed original design life of 5 years on April 15, 2004 ETM+ scan line corrector (SLC) failure occurred on May 31, 2003 The Landsat 7 images contain gaps –USGS developed Gap-Filled products May 2004 failure of 1 of 3 gyros; no impact to imaging, but risk to extend operations increased Fuel depleted in Spring, 2010

28. 28 Landsat 7 Merged-Scene Product Post-anomaly Landsat 7 image Gaps filled with next image of same site

29. 29 Approach: NASA engineers in consultation with USGS Flight Operations Team conducted a risk analysis Used developer’s reliability analysis as a baseline Analyzed gyroscopes from the same manufacturer as those on Landsat 7 (L7) analyzed Results: The predominant reliability drivers are the gyros Probability of L7 success decreases to 60% by second quarter CY 2005 Probability of L7 success in mid 2010 is 1%; probability of failure is ~ 99% Risk of Landsat 7 Failure

30. 30 Landsat Data Gap Study Team NASA, USGS and Landsat user community representatives formed as team Objective: Recommend options, using existing and near-term capabilities (not a gap filler mission), to populate the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive with science-quality data for land use/land cover change Process: Identify needs, identify existing and near term capabilities, compare, synthesize methodologies, identify resources for implementation Constraints and Assumptions –Focus on data acquisition solutions, NOT spacecraft or mission solutions –Focus on and be consistent with Public Law 102-555 –LDCM data specification is a requirement threshold –Though no single or combined data sources will fully meet Landsat continuity needs, team will recommend what can be done to lessen the impact of a data gap –Assume L7 failure in 2007 –L5 limited lifetime and capability –OLI data available 2010 Some data sources under investigation: ResourceSat-1, DMC, CBERS, SPOT, ASTER, EO-1/ALI, RapidEye Team to complete first phase late February / early March 2005 timeframe

31. 31 Summary Implementation of the Operational Landsat Imager allows: –Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020 –Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement –OLI and VIIRS to provide mutually enhancing observations NASA and NOAA/IPO teams working detailed technical requirements for implementing OLI on an NPOESS spacecraft NASA, USGS as well as other representatives from the Landsat community working to identify an approach to lessen the potential impact of a Landsat data gap

32. 32 NPOESS has a 17 day repeat ground track at 827.8km Mean semimajor axis:7205.9 km Mean eccentricity:0.00115 Mean argument of perigee:90.0 degrees Mean inclination:98.7 degrees Sun synchronous w/ LTANs:1330, 1730, 2130 +/- 10 minutes Mean phase angles:80, 0, 280 degrees Repeat ground track:241 rev repeat in 17 days NPOESS Orbit