1. HybridICE Freeze Crystallization

2. Cost of desalination technologies

3. Gypsum from fertilizer industry

4. Sulphur Recovery flow diagram CaSO 4 /Mg(OH) 2 /Coal D Sulphur Pipco 1100 deg C CaS(s) H 2 S H2OH2O A MgO(s) C H2OH2O Mg(HCO 3 ) 2 B CaCO 3 /AshMgCO 3 CO 2 from kiln

5. PUMPING OR NOT

6. Pumping cost P h = q ρ g h / (3.6 x 10 6 ) where P h = power (kW); q = flow capacity (m 3 /h); ρ = density of fluid (kg/m 3 ); g = gravity (9.81 m/s 2 ); h = differential head (m) Recommendation: Determine whether ECL levels can be moved to higher levels

7. When to pump Allow future mining and the protection of tourist sites. Protect ground water to be contaminated with mine water. Provide flow-equalization storage areas in sub-surface voids. (Alternatively, such storage facilities (e.g. ponds) need to be constructed on surface.)

8. Benefits associated when water is allowed to decant Less pyrites oxidation as a result of ingress water running through broken rock; and Less pyrites oxidation due to no reciprocating contact of pyrites-rich ore with water and oxygen as the water level fluctuates from water being pumped out at a constant rate while the incoming water flow-rate fluctuates with seasonal rainfall, Limited dissolution of limestone/dolomite due to ingress of rain water

9. Problems/Solutions to rising levels of acid mine water ProblemSolution Ground water pollutionRand water distribution system Damage to foundationsInjection of clean water

10. Acknowledgements TUT Rand Water THRIP Industrial partners (KSH, Marlow Aquatec)