1. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Energy from Fossil Fuels PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 12

2. Energy from Fossil Fuels Energy sources and uses Exploiting crude oil Other fossil fuels Fossil fuels and energy security

3. The Fossil Fuel Dilemma Primary source of energy for transportation Supports a drill, spill, and kill legacy More sustainable alternatives are available

4. Energy Sources and Uses Harnessing energy sources: an overview Electrical power production Matching sources to uses

5. Harnessing Energy Sources: An Overview Slaves Domestic animals Wind and water Steam (ships and locomotives) Gasoline (internal combustion followed by turbine engine) Nuclear

6. Energy Consumption in the United States Sequence of use 1. Wood 2. Water (steam) 3. Coal 4. Natural gas 5. Oil 6. Nuclear power 3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

7. Global Primary Energy Supply

8. Energy Consumption in the United States

9. Electrical Power Production: The Beginning Michael Faraday 1831

12. Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle

14. Exploiting Crude Oil How fossil fuels are formed Crude-oil reserves versus production Declining U.S. reserves and increasing importation Problems of growing U.S. dependency on foreign oil

15. Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

16. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part I

17. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part II

18. Oil Production and Consumption in the United States

19. Cost of Oil Imports

21. Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products

22. What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers $30 in initial costs + $63 for military support services = $93 per barrel of oil  (January 8, 2014 price per barrel is $93.67)

23. Problems from Foreign Oil Dependency Variations in cost of purchases Threat of supply disruptions Limitations of nonrenewable resource

24. Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence Trade imbalances Military actions Pollution of oceans Coastal oil spills

25. Hubbert Curves of Oil Production Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and will peak around 2010.

26. Hubbert Predictions U.S. oil production would peak (1970s) Dependence on OPEC oil will increase

27. Who Has the Oil?Reserves North America75.7 South and Central America89.5 Western Europe18.9 Former Soviet Countries58.9 Middle East673.6 Africa75.4 Far East and Oceania43.0 Total1,033.2

28. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC Algeria Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Emirates Venezuela

29. Other Fossil Fuels Natural gas – 50-year supply Coal – 400-year supply Oil shales and oil sands – complex extraction technologies

31. U.S. Coal Deposits http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/coalres.pdf

33. Carbon (CO 2 ) Emission Per Capita

34. Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO 2 + SO + H 2 0 + Ash + (C x H x S x O x ) Light + Noise + Heat

35. Fossil Fuels and Energy Security Security threats Supply-side policies Demand-side policies Development of non-fossil-fuel energy sources

36. Security Threats Oil dependence: relies too much on OPEC cartel and volatile Persian Gulf states Energy infrastructure: vulnerable to terrorist attacks Global climate change: greenhouse gas emissions

37. The Potential of the Conservation Reserve An oil field that has the potential production of 6 million barrels per day, is three times the size of the Alaskan oil field, and its exploitation will NOT adversely effect the environment.

38. The Elements of the Conservation Reserve Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ) Cogeneration (CHPs) Use fluorescent lights Increase home insulation

39. Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration

40. Energy Efficient Lightbulbs

41. End of Chapter 12