1. Should Natural Gas Pipelines be Built in Northeastern PA? By: Ethan, Tanner, Rebecca, Tara

2. Why Pipelines are Controversial  Lycoming County #6 (more than 20 million McF)  25000 more gathering pipelines (according to Nature Conservancy of PA)  PVR partners

3. Absence of Regulations  Siting not regulated until act 127 implementation (2012)  No regulation of larger Marcellus Shale pipelines  No consistent method for determining where natural gas infrastructure will be developed.  Gathering Lines in PA are subject to NO federal safety standards.

4. Local Cons  Lack of high stress pipeline regulations  Flood plains/erosion enable pipe damage  Gathering lines in PA are not required to be odorized.  limited personal and financial resources available for aging pipeline renovation

5. Local Cons  Rural areas already have flooding history  Marcellus Shale- accidents at gas well sites and transportation of hazardous materials  Deterioration/patchwork regulation-heavily populated areas  Lack of knowledge of elected public officials

6. Local Cons  Difficulty of transporting UNG  Buried=forgotten  Proximity to schools, community centers, and hospitals.  Overlap of gas gathering and water pipelines

7. Local Cons  Pose a threat to soil and water if ruptured.  soil erosion and habitat fragmentation  Forest Fragmentation  Corrosion risk-weakening of pipeline  Methane leakage- MS lines

8. Unregulated Lines by County

9. Causes of Serious Incidents

10. Significant Incidents

11. Recommendations/Alternative Solutions  More local, state, and federal involvement in higher Marcellus Shale gathering pipeline regulation.  Equal precautions paid to mid-level gathering lines as federal interstate transmission lines.  Best management practices as aligned with the PA Constitution.  Increased public involvement prior to siting of Marcellus Shale gathering and transmission lines.

12. Recommendations/Alternative Solutions  Establishment of safety standards above minimum required by Department of Transportation.  Establish costly penalties that encourage compliance with safety regulations.  Regulate pipeline coating and lining so as to inhibit corrosion risk.

13. Recommendations/Alternative Solutions  Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System-Computer system which can detect leaks based on pressure and mass balance  Require all gas pipelines to be odorized  PA One Call “Call Before you Dig” Ensures safe completion of excavation projects  Strengthen Act 127

14. Natural Gas Gathering Lines

15. Regulatory Laws and Acts on Gathering Lines  Clean Streams Law  Permits for water pollution  Dam Safety and Encroachments Act  Pipelines near waterways

16. Laws and Acts (2)  Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program  Threatened and endangered species  Gas and Hazardous Liquids Pipelines Act  Pipeline regulators must register with the PA PUC (Public Utilities Commision)

17. Laws and Acts (3)  PA PUC Gas Safety Section  Organization of enforcement  Underground Utility Line Protection  Pipelines outside of facilities must be marked

18. Pros of Pipeline Infrastructure  PA has been a net consumer of natural gas.  It will bring new jobs to the regions with the significant levels of pipeline construction, because of the levels of Marcellus shale coming to the region.  Impacts include habitat fragmentation that can make a habitat smaller.  Impacts on viewsheds so the pipelines can be very visible in the public areas.

19. Cons  Natural gas pipeline infrastructure can spread invasive weeds, which are non active plants that can be dangerous to the environment.  They can affect the property values because they are very large and take up many acres so they can be visible.  It can affect the air quality as well because of all the chemicals that are being put up into the air.  They also make a lot of noise, which can make citizens not happy and move.

20. Consider this  Things to consider:  Don’t increase the diameter of a pipeline,  What substances can be transported in the pipeline?  If there is trouble with the pipeline, how can it be taken care of?  There is a pipeline marker, if there was an emergency and who to contact, and what contents the pipeline has.

21. Types of Pipelines  Gathering system- Connect all of the wells together  Interstate Pipeline Systems- carries most of the oil that is transported.  Distribution system- transporting oil from a facility to the transmission line.

22. Pros of pipelines in pa  Natural gas can be transformed into liquid fuels such as synthetic gasoline and diesel, as is being done in the major gas fields of Qatar.  Marcellus Shale development is proceeding rapidly, as is the production in other deep shale gas fields across the nation, as the industry seeks to gain more gas at less cost.  Coal bed methane is easily tapped by wells because coal is found at so much lower depth than the major organic shale’s.

23. Cons to having pipelines in northeastern PA  Since Federal law beginning in 1978 deregulated the price, the value of gas has risen in the United States, increasing the incentive for its production, transport by pipeline, and sale.  Methane causes human asphyxiation greater than 50% in air.  The human eye cannot see escaping gas, so workers need to use infrared photography to locate the escaping gas.

24. Thoughts we have on the subject.  Due to the amount of research shown, also the information we have collected. We have come to the conclusion that we are indifferent towards it. We feel this way because the subject has positive and negatives that affect us in every way from the negatives and the positives.