1. Natural Gas and other Fossil Fuels

2. Natural Gas History of Use Formation Production Reserves

3. History China—first recorded use, piped through bamboo Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and England (this gas was distilled from coal, wood, and peat) William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer –Put coal gas lights in cotton mills

4. History cont’d 1821, Fredonia New York William Hart drilled a well 27’ deep and piped the gas to a local inn—where it lit 66 lights Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859 1872: long-distance pipelines made 1879: Thomas Edison

5. Modern Use of Natural Gas Seamless pipes available in 1920’s but it wasn’t until after World War II that it became really important for heating Why is it a good fuel? –No refining –Burns cleanly –More heat/unit weight than any other fossil fuel

6. Natural Gas History of Use Formation Production Reserves

7. Formation Formed in the same manor as petroleum –Thermogenic-->4km and >150°C Formed during the petrogenesis of coal

8. Natural Gas History of Use Formation Production Reserves

9. Production Similar to oil but easier to release because it is much less viscous—

10. Composition of Natural Gas Mostly methane CH 4 Some ethane C 2 H 6 PropaneC 3 H 8 ButaneC 4 H 10 HydrogenH 2 Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide

11. Production Impurities removed Coal scent added Then piped –> 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S. Middle East, Africa, South America –LNG at -162°C

12. Production-past and projected Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2006) Release Date: June 2006

13. In Billion cubic feet

14. Reserves

15. Natural Gas History of Use Formation Production Reserves

16. Reserves-countries with > 200 trillion cubic feet U.S.A.204 Russia1688 Iran974 Qatar910 Saudi Arabia244 United Arab Emigrates214 –These countries account for 67% of the world’s reserves

17. Reserves—how long will they last? At the current rate? –100 trillion cubic feet per year—about 62 years At projected rates? –About 150 trillion cubic feet per year—about 41 years

18. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands Definition Formation Pilot Plants

19. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands Characterized by being –A. Dark in colour –B. So viscous that they don’t respond to either primary or secondary recovery techniques –High in sulphur, Ni, V –Rich in asphaltines

20. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands Example Bitumen—black viscous to semisolid HC material found when oil has lost its light weight volatile components

21. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands Definition Formation Pilot Plants

22. Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand 1. oxidation and loss of lightweight fractions 2. Thermal maturation 3. Biodegration

23. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands Definition Formation Pilot plants no more

24. Athabasca Tar (Oil) Sands

25. In 2003, Alberta’s reserves estimates of remaining established reserves are 174.5 billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001, Alberta’s production of raw bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that for conventional crude oil, accounting for 53% of Alberta’s oil production. This trend is expected to increase to about 80% of Alberta’s oil production by 2013.

26. http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htm l

27. Countries with large tar sand deposits Canada Venezuela Middle East

28. Extracting oil from tar sands http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index. cfmhttp://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index. cfm

29. Oil Shale Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

30. Definition Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called kerogen Can be converted to oil at temperatures in excess of 500°C

31. Oil Shale Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

32. Formation Deposited with fine-grained sediments (mud) that are rich in organic material. Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is lost with temperatures in excess of 150. Organic material is heavy 5 to 25% is recoverable organic material Rich oil shales burn like coal

33. Oil shale from AAPG http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm

34. Oil Shale Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

35. Reserves http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdfhttp://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf

36. Oil Shale

37. Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

38. Revert to notes

39. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel 1. Carbon content 2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity 4. Environmental Concerns

40. Carbon Content Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than coal Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit energy than coal Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit energy than oil Gas<Oil<Coal

41. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel 1. Carbon content 2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity 4. Environmental Concerns

42. Heat content UnitHeat (10 6 Btu) CoalShort ton21.266 AnthraciteShort ton22.244 Natural Gas1000 ft 3 1.029 Gasolinegallon0.125071 Heating OilGallon6.49 ElectricityKwh0.003412 WoodCord21.5

43. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel 1. Carbon content 2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity 4. Environmental Concerns

44. Efficiency in Producing Electricity From Coal28% From Oil35% From Natural Gas40%

45. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html US existing power plants http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html

46. Electric Power USA 2005

47. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel 1. Carbon content 2. Heat Content 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity 4. Environmental Concerns