1. Crude Oil Oil directly from the ground which is thick liquid with variety of hydrocarbons, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen

2. 35% of oil in deposits is removed Remaining 65% of oil is heavy crude oil – Too hard and expensive to remove and refine – If prices of oil continue to increase about 10% of oil will be flushed with water to remove Not efficient and requires 1/3 barrel of crude oil to get a full barrel of heavy crude oil

3. Oil Drilling Negatives – Oil spills – Harmful effects due to use and extraction Positives – Technologies allow for Deeper drilling Fewer rigs Get to deeper oil

4. Where is the oil OPEC (67%) Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Libya, Nigeria, Venezuela, UAE, Algeria, and Indonesia, – Saudis 26% – Other Arab nations 40% – Latin America (Ven. 9%) – Russia et al 6 % – US 3% (Refining in gulf of Mexico)

5. How long will supplies last? Believed to have world production peak between 2010+2030 – U.S. peaked in 1975 Estimates believe that at current usage oil supply will last between 45 and 100 years. Need to change primary energy source – Past energy timeline: wood  coal  oil  ??? – Believe that by 2100 primary energy source will be natural gas + hydrogen

6. Tar Sands Mixture of clay, sand, water, bitumen Majority too deep to mine for profit and few are able to be mined at surface 3-5x as much greenhouse gas as oil because of energy required to process Known as “world’s dirtiest oil”

7. coal

8. Lignite Brown coal Lowest quality coal with the most impurities and sulfur content Used as energy for steam power. 60% carbon content Inefficient in use as energy source

9. Bituminus Coal Made of Bituminus – Naturally occurring byproduct of decomposition 60-80% carbon content Dark brown/gray in color

10. Anthracite Highest Carbon content at about 98% Cleanest burning and least amount of impurities

11. What is coal used for

12. Coal usage / location Commercial energy = 21% Electricity = 62% 66% of known coal deposits are in U.S 11% are in China

13. ProsCons Large supply exists High energy yield Cheap ~$.04 per kwhr Technology already exists Highly pollutant Land, water, air destruction Hard to transport