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Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in Art
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Claude Monet 1840-1926 French Impression: Sunrise
Gave “Impressionism” its name Banks of the Seine, Vetheuil Studies the effect of light and atmosphere on water, trees, and foliage Colors applied in bold patches, with no attempt to integrate them on the canvas Details of trees and foliage are vague and obscure Horizon placed high in the painting to create a large area of foliage in the foreground Leaves suggested by individual brushstrokes Rouen Cathedral, West Facade One of thirty canvases he painted of the cathedral, each a study in a different light conditions This one a study in full sunlight Lines are imprecise; design is determined by an impression of the acrchitecture Color in patches of grays and tans that blend a distance away from the canvas
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Pierre-August Renoir 1841-1919 French
Maintained more structural form than other Impressionists, but utilized the colors and techniques of Impressionism By the Seashore Landscape utilizes brushstrokes typical of Impressionist artists Figure of the woman maintains attention to structural form Le Moulin de la Galette Intentional blurring of outlines Effect of light on color a focus of the work Dappled (spotty) light suggests presence of trees Variety of color gives the impression of a lively group moving around in the sunlight Figures become less defined in the background—a few brushstrokes of color
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Edgar Degas 1834-1917 French Known for both painting and sculpture
Ballerinas and horses were favorite subjects Sought to represent movement in space in both his painting and sculpture Suffered from severely deteriorating eyesight as a result of an injury during the Franco-Prussian War; as his eyesight worsened he painted less and sculpted more Arabesque Ouverte Sur La Jambe Droite (Arabesque Over the Right Leg) Bronze sculpture Figures balance, poise, and gesture create a graceful sense of movement The lines of torso and limbs add to the dynamic effect La Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans (Little Dancer of Fourteen Years) Wax sculpture of a 14-year-old ballerina, Marie van Goethem Sculpted in wax, dressed in a real bodice, tutu, and ballet slippers and has a wig of real hair. Everything except the tutu and hair ribbon are covered in wax 28 reproductions in bronze are found in museums around the world The original is housed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art The Rehearsal Shows a scene out of a dancer’s everyday life Elevates the mundane, celebrates the modern experience Attention to the positioning of the body to show movement Use of open space invites the viewer to be a spectator; one can imagine that the dancers will soon move across the floor
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Post-Impressionism Bridges Impressionism to 20th-century movements like Expressionism and Cubism Maintain some of the spirit of Impressionism, while moving in a new direction New techniques Cezanne, Gauguin, van Gogh, and Seurat
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Paul Cezanne 1839-1906 French Post-Impressionist
Reduced objects in his painting to simple geometric forms Used cylinders, cubes, cones, and spheres Distorted nature by bringing out its natural forms (shapes) Painted landscapes and still-life subjects The Card Players Creates an arch with the arrangement of his figures Creates a triangle with the men’s forearms and table Still Life With Apples in Fruit Bowl Mont Sainte Victorie
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Paul Gauguin 1848-1903 French Post-Impressionist
After becoming dissatisfied with life in France, he moved to Tahiti Used bold color in flat, two-dimensional surfaces with strong outlines His style reflects the 19th-century public’s fascination with the “exotic” Mahana No Atua (Day of the Gods) Gives viewers a vicarious experience of a simple lifestyle in a faraway setting Goddess Hina is in the center To her right, women dance the upaupa, an ancient Tahitian dance Trio in the center symbolizes birth, life, and death The Siesta Shows the grace and ease of the Tahitian women Gauguin worked on this piece for an extended period of time, making numerous changes as he worked
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Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 Dutch Post-Impressionist
Deeply religious and charitable Gave away much of his money to the needy Lived humbly Said to be tormented by the suffering of others and was convinced that his destiny was to bring humanity together Had a tumultuous friendship with Gauguin, ending with the infamous cutting of his left ear Committed suicide Style Used heavy oil paint in pure colors, applied in bold strokes and heavy lines Color, line, and texture are of equal importance Sought to reveal the movement found in nature The Starry Night Expresses van Gogh’s feelings about nature The twisting cypress tress and swirling sky contrast with the simplicity of the horizon and houses A visual representation of the motion of the atmosphere Polychromatic La Chambre de Van Gogh a Arles Van Gogh’s bedroom in Arles First of three versions of the painting He wrote of the painting, “This time it simply reproduces my bedroom; but colour must be abundant in this part, its simplification adding a rank of grandee to the style applied to the objects, getting to suggest a certain rest or dream. “
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Georges Seurat 1859-1891 French Post-Impressionist
Style called pointillism Placed thousands of small dots of pigment on the canvas that merged into shapes Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte Incorporates pointillism Forms are geometrically stylized and integrate dots of color in varying hues Spatial recession achieved by the progessively smaller size of background figures Little sense of movement—figures appear static
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