1. DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 2008

2. DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) Nucleic acid that composes chromosomes and carries genetic information.

3. CHROMOSOME ORGANIZATION 1. A chromosome is an enormous strand of super coiled DNA. 2. Sections of DNA on the chromosome that code for proteins are called genes. 3. Noncoding sections of DNA are called “junk DNA” (regulatory or unknown function)

5. BUILDING BLOCKS OF DNA Composed of nucleotides Nucleotides contain three parts: 1. 5-Carbon Sugar (deoxyribose) 2. Phosphate Group 3. Nitrogen Base (four types, adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine)

7. Adenine and Guanine are purines (composed of two rings of nitrogen atoms)

8. Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines (composed of one ring of nitrogen atoms)

9. STRUCTURE OF DNA Consists of two strands of nucleotides that form a twisted ladder (double helix) Sugar and phosphate alternate along the sides of the ladder (linked by strong covalent bonds) Pairs of nitrogen bases form the rungs of the ladder (linked by weak hydrogen bonds).

10. Specific base pairing arrangement (Chargaff’s Rule) A-T : 2 hydrogen bonds C-G : 3 hydrogen bonds Nitrogen bases attach to the sugar portion of the side (NOT the phosphate) Strands run in opposite directions

12. FUNCTION OF DNA DNA codes for proteins (structural proteins, enzymes, and hormones) information for building proteins is carried in the sequence of nitrogen bases proteins determine physical and metabolic traits and regulate growth and development.

14. DNA REPLICATION Process in which DNA is copied

15. PURPOSE OF DNA REPLICATION Gives daughter cells produced by cell division a complete set of genetic information identical to the parent cell.

16. WHERE REPLICATION OCCURS Nucleus

17. WHEN DURING THE CELL CYCLE REPLICATION OCCURS Interphase (S)

18. HOW REPLICATION OCCURS 1. Helicase enzymes unzip the parent strand by separating the nitrogen base pairs. 2. DNA polymerase pairs free DNA nucleotides with the exposed bases on both strands following the base pair rules. each strand from the parent molecule serve as a template

19. 3. Hydrogen bonds reform spontaneously sealing the two strands of each DNA molecule together.

20. RESULTS OF REPLICATION Two molecules of DNA that are identical Each is half old (strand from parent) and half new (strand synthesized by DNA polymerase)

22. RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID) Nucleic acid involved in the synthesis of proteins

23. RNA STRUCTURE Composed of nucleotides, but differs from DNA in three ways. 1.Single strand of nucleotides instead of double stranded 2.Has uracil instead of thymine 3.Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

25. RNA FUNCTION Three forms of RNA involved in protein synthesis 1. mRNA (messenger): copies instructions in DNA and carries these to the ribosome. 2. tRNA (transfer): carries amino acids to the ribosome. 3. rRNA (ribosomal): composes the ribosome.

26. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Cells build proteins following instructions coded in genes (DNA). Consists of two parts, transcription and translation

27. TRANSCRIPTION DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA. WHY? DNA cannot leave the nucleus. Proteins are made in the cytoplasm. mRNA serves as a “messenger” and carries the protein building instructions to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

28. LOCATION OF TRANSCRIPTION Nucleus

29. HOW TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS 1. RNA polymerase untwists and unzips a section of DNA (usually a single gene) from a chromosome.

30. 2. RNA polymerase pairs free RNA nucleotides to the exposed bases of one of the DNA strands following base pair rules. Uracil replaces thymine Only 1 strand of DNA serves as a template, the other “hangs out”

31. 3. Newly synthesized mRNA separates from template DNA and DNA zips back up.

33. RESULT OF TRANSCRIPTION mRNA strand with instructions for building a protein that leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm.

34. TRANSCRIPTION EXAMPLE Transcribe the following DNA Sequence in mRNA TAC CGG ATC CTA GGA TCA AUG GCC UAG GAU CCU AGU

35. PROTEINS Structural and functional components of organisms. Composed of amino acids order of nucleotides in DNA determines order of amino acids in a protein One gene codes for one protein

37. GENETIC CODE The “language” that translates the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA (mRNA) into the amino acids of a protein. Codon = three nucleotides on DNA or mRNA One codon specifies one amino acid Some codons are redundant (code for the same amino acid) The genetic code is universal to all organisms

39. DNA: TAC CTT GTG CAT GGG ATC mRNA AUG GAA CAC GUA CCC UAG A.A MET G.A HIS VAL PRO STOP

40. IMPORTANT CODONS AUG = start translation (Met) UAA, UAG, UGA= stop translation

41. TRANSLATION Instructions in mRNA are used to build a protein

42. LOCATION OF TRANSLATION ribosome (in the cytoplasm)

43. PROCESS OF TRANSLATION 1. mRNA binds to the ribosome. 2. Ribosome searches for start codon (AUG) 3. tRNA brings correct amino acid (methionine) to the ribosome. Each tRNA carries one type of amino acid. The anticodon (three nitrogen bases on tRNA) must complement codon for amino acid to be added to protein chain

44. 4. ribosome reads next codon 5. tRNA’s continue lining up amino acids according to codons 6. peptide bonds link amino acids together 7. ribosome reaches STOP codon Amino acid chain is released

45. RESULT OF TRANSLATION A Protein