1. Chapter 10 – DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Vocabulary Review
Chapter 10 – DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

2. Describes a microorganism that causes disease and that is highly infectious; refers to viruses that reproduce by the lytic cycle
Virulent

3. The transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments from one cell to another or from one organism to another
Transformation

4. A virus that infects bacteria
Bacteriophage

5. In a nucleic-acid chain, a subunit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleotide

6. A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
Deoxyribose

7. An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
Nitrogenous base

8. A nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine or guanine
Purine

9. A nitrogenous base that has a single-ring structure; one of the two general catgories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; thymine, cytosine, or uracil
Pyrimidine

10. The rules stating that cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine in DNA, and that adenine pairs with uracil in RNA
Base-pairing rules

11. Complementary base pair
The nucleotide bases in one strand of DNA or RNA that are paired with those of another strand; adenine pairs with thymine or uracil; guanine pairs with cytosine
Complementary base pair

12. The process of making a copy of DNA
DNA replication

13. An enzyme that separates DNA strands
Helicase

14. A Y-shaped point that results when the two strands of a DNA double helix separate so that the DNA molecule can be replicated
Replication fork

15. An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule
DNA polymerase

16. Semi-conservative replication
In each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
Semi-conservative replication

17. A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule
Mutation

18. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

19. The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template; particularly the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template
Transcription

20. The portion of protein synthesis that takes place at ribosomes and that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
Translation

21. The formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
Protein synthesis

22. A five-carbon sugar present in RNA
Ribose

23. A single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein
Messenger RNA (mRNA)

24. An RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to the growing end of a polypeptide chain during translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA)

25. An enzyme that starts the formation of RNA by using a strand of a DNA molecule as a template
RNA polymerase

26. A nucleotide sequence on a DNA molecule to which an RNA polymerase molecule binds, which initiates the transcription of a specific gene
Promoter

27. A specific sequence of nucleotides that marks the end of a gene
Termination signal

28. The rule that describes how a sequence of nucleotides, read in groups of three consecutive nucleotides that corresponds to specific amino acids, specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein
Genetic code

29. In DNA, a three-nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid or signifies a start signal or a stop signal
Codon

30. A region of tRNA that consists of three bases complementary to the codon of mRNA
Anticodon

31. The complete genetic material contained in an individual
Genome