2. BELLRINGER!! Describe One differences between DNA & RNA. 1. Recall from reading Please Pass up your GREEN Parent signature sheet!

4. OBJECTIVES Compare DNA to RNA Structures Protein Synthesis Three types are RNA

5. How do we get from DNA to Proteins?

6. From nucleus to cytoplasm… Where are the genes? –genes are on chromosomes in nucleus Where are proteins synthesized? –proteins made in cytoplasm by ribosomes How does the information get from nucleus to cytoplasm? RNA nucleus

7. Why would RNA be useful in a cell?

8. DNA is the MASTER PLAN RNA is the copy of the master plan

9. 8 Since DNA can’t leave the nucleus, we need something to carry the message to the ribosomes RNA

10. 9 RNA is similar to DNA EXCEPT: SINGLE strand URACIL (not thymine) RIBOSE DOUBLE strand DEOXYRIBOSE A C G T RNA DNA Structure Sugar Base

11. 10 Structure of RNA

12. Pair the RNA BASES! G=C C=G T=A A=U

13. 12. Three Types of RNA  Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Transfer RNA (tRNA)

14. 13 Messenger RNA  mRNA- Copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes  Single, straight strand of nucleotides

15. 14 Ribosomal RNA  rRNA-binds to the mRNA and assemble the amino acids in the correct order  2 subunits:  Large  small

16. 15 Transfer RNA  tRNA- transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized  Clover-leaf shape  One end carries the amino acid; Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon

17. 16

19. Objectives Describe the three step process Initiation Elongation Termination

20. DNA mRNA Transcription Introduction The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Cell Polypeptide (protein) Translation Ribosome

21. Protein Synthesis  Flow of Information:  DNA RNA Proteins  Transcription Translation  Transcription is the process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary Strand strand of RNA.

22. nucleus Transcription DNA (mRNA) carries the code (tRNA) brings in amino acids RNA (rRNA) makes a ribosome cytoplasm Translation DNA RNA Proteins Protein Synthesis Amino acid chain folds into a functional protein

23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feat ure=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU&feat ure=related

24. BELLRINGER!! Transcription: Write the complimentary RNA strand DNA: GATACGGCAATTAC RNA: Please Pass up your GREEN Parent signature sheet!

25. Transcription Transcription: the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA must all be transcribed for protein synthesis to take place

26. **Only ONE strand will be transcribed STEP 1: DNA strands separate Transcription - Initation RNA POLYMERASE (RP) recognizes a promoter on the DNA sequence PROMOTER: base sequence that signals the start of a gene DNA is split by RP and one strand is used as a template RNA Polymerase

27. - brings in complimentary RNA nucleotide to base pair with DNA **Same process as replication EXCEPT only 1 strand is copied, and U replaces T Elongation: RNA Polymerase A U G RNA C U U G G C Polymerase

28. 27 Remember the Complementary Bases On DNA: A-T C-G On RNA: A-U C-G

29. 28 Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’-GATACGTATG-3’

30. 29 Answer: DNA 5’- GATACGTATG-3’ DNA 5’- GATACGTATG-3’ RNA 3’- CUAUGCAUAC-5’ RNA 3’- CUAUGCAUAC-5’

31. Termination: the process continues until RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal in the DNA which indicates the end of a gene

34. Objections Describe the three steps in Translation Translate mRNA codons into amino acids

35. Translation makes Proteins from RNA

36. Reading the DNA code Every 3 DNA bases pairs with 3 mRNA bases Every group of 3 mRNA bases encodes a single amino acid Codon- coding triplet of mRNA bases

37. UCAG U C A G G A C U G A C U G A C U G A C U UUUUUU UUCUUC UUAUUA UUGUUG CUUCUU CUCCUC CUACUA CUGCUG AUUAUU AUCAUC AUAAUA AUGAUG GUUGUU GUCGUC GUAGUA GUGGUG phe leu ile met (start) val UCUUCU UCCUCC UCAUCA UCGUCG CCUCCU CCCCCC CCACCA CCGCCG ACUACU ACCACC ACAACA ACGACG GCUGCU GCCGCC GCAGCA GCGGCG ser pro thr ala UAUUAU UACUAC UAAUAA UAGUAG CAUCAU CACCAC CAACAA CAGCAG AAUAAU AACAAC AAGAAG AAAAAA GAUGAU GACGAC GAAGAA GAGGAG tyr stop his gln asn lys asp glu UGUUGU UGCUGC UGAUGA UGGUGG CGUCGU CGCCGC CGACGA CGGCGG AGUAGU AGCAGC AGAAGA AGGAGG GGUGGU GGCGGC GGAGGA GGGGGG cys stop trp arg ser arg gly First Base Third Base Second Base Virtually all organisms share the same genetic code “unity of life”

38. Initiation mRNA binds with the ribosome. A “ start ” codon (AUG) on mRNA signals the beginning of a protein chain.

39. 38 Happens at Ribosomes Ribosomes read mRNA three bases (1 codon) at a time and construct the proteins

40. Figure 10.14 1Codon recognition Amino acid Anticodon A site P site Polypeptide 2 Peptide bond formation 3 Translocation New peptide bond mRNA movement mRNA Stop codon

41. Elongation mRNA is on a ribosome with the start codon AUG A tRNA with anticodon UAC can now bind to mRNA because bases match up. Peptide bonds join the amino acids Ribosome moves over one codon The process repeats until…….

42. Codons and Anticodons The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon MET-tRNA codon mRNA anticodon

43. Elongation The mRNA moves a codon at a time relative to the ribosome A tRNA pairs with each codon, adding an amino acid to the growing polypeptide A STOP codon causes the mRNA-ribosome complex to fall apart

45. 44 Step 3: Termination Occurs when a stop codon is reached The string of amino acids (polypeptide) is released Subunits break apart.

46. Translation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- zb6r1MMTkc&feature=related

47. tRNA Function Amino acids must be in the correct order for the protein to function correctly tRNA lines up amino acids using mRNA code

48. Ribosomes build polypeptides Figure 10.12A-C Codons tRNA molecules mRNA Growing polypeptide Large subunit Small subunit mRNA mRNA binding site P siteA site PA Growing polypeptide tRNA Next amino acid to be added to polypeptide

49. Translation in action! Click image to view movie Translating the message into Protein

50. 49 End Product –The Protein! The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds Met aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa200 aa199

51. 50 For ALL life! strongest support for a common origin for all life An amino acid may have more than one codon, but each codon makes only ONE amino acid There is also: 1 start codon (AUG = methionine) and 3 stop codons.

52. How are the codons matched to amino acids? TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG DNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC mRNA amino acid tRNA anti-codon codon 5'3' 5' 3'5' UAC Met GCA Arg CAU Val

53. 52 Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide (amino acid) chain Transcription Codon Translation DNA TT CAG T CAG template strand mRNA AAGUCAGUC Messenger RNA Protein LysineSerine Valine Polypeptide (amino acid sequence) Translation

54. 53

55. Transcription vs. Translation Review Transcription Process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA Occurs in the nucleus DNA mRNA Translation Process by which information encoded in mRNA is used to assemble a protein at a ribosome Occurs on a Ribosome mRNA protein