1. RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapter 13

2. Why do we need RNA?  DNA cannot leave the nucleus  DNA gets transcribe into Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Once edited, mRNA can leave the nucleus as a single strand

3. Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA  http://www.usask.ca/education/coursewor k/mcvittiej/bio30unit1/overheads/1.23.htm http://www.usask.ca/education/coursewor k/mcvittiej/bio30unit1/overheads/1.23.htm http://www.usask.ca/education/coursewor k/mcvittiej/bio30unit1/overheads/1.23.htm

4. Similarities and differences between DNA and RNA

6. Conection between DNA and Protein  DNA defines the genotype (genetic makeup)  Proteins determine the phenotype (specific trait)  Each gene codes for one protein (polypeptide) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/rnai.ht ml

7. DNA to Protein Connection  Geneticists Beadle and Tatum studied mutant strain of orange mold  This strain was missing a necessary enzyme for mold to grow  Each mutant strain was defective in a single gene  One gene-on enzyme hypothesis  More accurate – One gene one polypeptide http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM47Wio 9:33

8. Life is orchestrated by Proteins Proteins  Combinations of 20 different amino acids linked in long chains  Function is determined by amino acid sequence  Amino acid sequence is determined by DNA sequence  Used for enzymes, hair, muscles, cell parts

9. Amino Acids Linked  Amino Acids Link Together to Form a Protein (Polypeptide)

10. Protein Synthesis  DNA → RNA → Protein (polypeptide)  This happens in two main steps:  Transcription  RNA synthesis  RNA editing  Translation

11. Transcription-translation animations  http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DV- tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DV- tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DV- tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV- tDaKEo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV- tDaKEo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV- tDaKEo  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg

12. Information is sent from the Nucleus to ribosome where protein is made

13. Outline of making Protein  Directions on DNA  DNA opens up and messenger RNA (mRNA) copies message  mRNA is edited – some parts taken out (introns)  mRNA goes out of nucleus to ribosome  mRNA attaches to ribosome  Transfer RNA (tRNA) picks up an amino acid  tRNA attaches to mRNA matching complementary base pairs at opposite end from amino acid  Amino acid is attached to other amino acids held by the ribosome to make a chain of protein  When protein completely built unattached from ribosome

14. 1.A sequence of nucleotides In DNA (a gene) is transcribed to RNA in the nucleus 2. The RNA travels to the cytoplasm where it is translated into the specific amino acid sequece of a polypeptid

15. A codon is a three- base "word" that codes for one amino acid. Several codons form a "sentence" that translates into a polypeptide.

16. Transcription players  DNA  Messenger RNA (mRNA)  RNA polymerase

17. Transcription

18. mRNA editing

19. Translation players  mRNA  Transfer RNA  Ribosome  Ribosomal RNA

20. Translation

22. Transcription-translation animations  http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna/ani mations.html  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DV- tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DV- tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxLdBN AxqKg&src_vid=T1DV- tDaKEo&feature=iv&annotation_id=annotat ion_561613  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV- tDaKEo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV- tDaKEo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T1DV- tDaKEo  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fiJupfb Spg

23.  Protein making analogy short movie http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/ 3210/02.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/ 3210/02.html 00:54 – 03:20

24. What are Mutations  Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA  Two types of point mutations (involving only one or a few nucleotides)  Base substitutions  Base deletions or insertions

25. Types of mutations

27.  Bill Nye Genetics greatest discoveries Bill Nye Genetics greatest discoveries Bill Nye Genetics greatest discoveries  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM4 7Wio http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM4 7Wio http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vIrrtM4 7Wio  http://school.discoveryeducation.com/tea chersguides/pdf/lifescience/ds/greatest_d iscoveries_nye_genetics.pdf http://school.discoveryeducation.com/tea chersguides/pdf/lifescience/ds/greatest_d iscoveries_nye_genetics.pdf http://school.discoveryeducation.com/tea chersguides/pdf/lifescience/ds/greatest_d iscoveries_nye_genetics.pdf

28. From DNA to Protein