1. Chapter 4b Carbon Compounds In Cells

2. Organic Compounds Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids `

3. Carbon’s Bonding Behavior 1) Outer shell of carbon has 4 electrons; can hold 8 2) Each carbon atom can form covalent bonds with up to four atoms`

4. Structural Representations

5. Bonding Arrangements 1) Carbon atoms can form chains or rings 2) Other atoms project from the carbon backbone`

6. Functional Groups 1) Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon backbone –a) Give organic compounds their different properties`

7. Examples of Functional Groups Hydroxyl group - OH Amino group- NH 3 + Carboxyl group- COOH Phosphate group- PO 3 - Sulfhydryl group- SH`

8. Functional Groups

9. Carbohydrates Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Oligosaccharides (short-chain carbohydrates) Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) `

10. Monosaccharides 1) Simplest carbohydrates 2) Most are sweet tasting, water soluble 3) Most have 5- or 6-carbon backbone Glucose (6 C)Fructose (6 C) Ribose (5 C)Deoxyribose (5 C)`

11. Two Monosaccharides glucosefructose

12. Monosaccharide

13. Disaccharides 1) Type of oligosaccharide 2) Two monosaccharides covalently bonded 3) Formed by condensation reaction` + H 2 O glucosefructose sucrose

14. Sucrose Formation

15. Polysaccharides 1) Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers 2) Most common are composed entirely of glucose –a) Cellulose –b) Starch (such as amylose) –c) Glycogen`

16. Cellulose & Starch 1) Differ in bonding patterns between monomers –a) Cellulose - tough, indigestible, structural material in plants –b) Starch - easily digested, storage form in plants`

17. Cellulose and Starch

18. Starch Cellulose

19. Glycogen 1) Sugar storage form in animals –a) Large stores in muscle and liver cells 1. When blood sugar decreases, liver cells degrade glycogen, release glucose`

20. Chitin 1) Polysaccharide –a) Nitrogen-containing groups attached to glucose monomers –b) Structural material for hard parts of invertebrates, cell walls of many fungi`

21. 1) Most include fatty acids –a) Fats –b) Phospholipids –c) Waxes 2) Sterols and their derivatives have no fatty acids –a) Tend to be insoluble in water` Lipids

22. Fatty Acids 1) Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end 2) Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms) –a) Saturated - Single bonds between carbons –b) Unsaturated - One or more double bonds`

23. Three Fatty Acids

24. Fats 1) Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol –a) Triglycerides are most common`

25. Triglyceride

26. Phospholipids 1) Main components of cell membranes`

27. Phospholipid

28. Sterols and Derivatives 1) No fatty acids 2) Rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings 3) Cholesterol - most common type in animals`

29. Cholesterol

30. Waxes 1) Long-chain fatty acids linked to long chain alcohols or carbon rings –a) Firm consistency, repel water –b) Important in water-proofing`

31. Amino Acid Structure amino group carboxyl group R group

32. Properties of Amino Acids 1) Determined by the “R group” 2) Amino acids may be: –a) Non-polar –b) Uncharged, polar –c) Positively charged, polar –d) Negatively charged, polar`

33. Amino Acids

34. Protein Synthesis 1) Protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds –a) Peptide bond 1. Type of covalent bond 2. Links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next 3. Forms through condensation reaction`

35. Peptide Bond

36. Primary Structure 1) Sequence of amino acids 2) Unique for each protein 3) Two linked amino acids = dipeptide 4) Three or more = polypeptide 5) Backbone of polypeptide has N atoms: -N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-`

37. A Permanent Wave hair wrapped around cuticles different bridges form bridges broken

38. Primary Structure

39. Secondary/Tertiary

40. Quaternary

41. Studying Spider Silk

42. Enzyme Structure and Function 1) Enzymes are catalytic molecules a) They speed the rate at which reactions approach equilibrium`

43. Four Features of Enzymes 1) Enzymes do not make anything happen that could not happen on its own. They just make it happen much faster 2) Reactions do not alter or use up enzyme molecules`

44. Four Features of Enzymes 3) The same enzyme usually works for both the forward and reverse reactions 4) Each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to only certain substrates`

45. 1) Sugar –a) Ribose or deoxyribose 2) At least one phosphate group 3) Base –a) Nitrogen-containing –b) Single or double ring structure` Nucleotide Structure

46. Nucleotide Functions Energy carriers Coenzymes Chemical messengers Building blocks for nucleic acids`

47. ATP - A Nucleotide three phosphate groups sugar base

48. ATP

49. 1) Composed of nucleotides 2) Single- or double-stranded 3) Sugar-phosphate backbone` Nucleic Acids Adenine Cytosine

50. DNA Subunits

51. DNA 1) Double- stranded 2) Consists of four types of nucleotides –a) A bound to T –b) C bound to G`

52. DNA Structure

53. RNA 1) Usually single strands 2) Four types of nucleotides –a) Unlike DNA, contains the base uracil in place of thymine 3) Three types are key players in protein synthesis`

54. DNA/RNA