1. Station 1 What is the purpose of genes? What is the purpose of RNA? In what 2 ways is RNA different from DNA?

2. Station 2 What are the three types of RNA?  What do they stand for?  How are they different?

3. Stage 3 What is transcription? What is RNA polymerase’s role in transcription? What is a promoter? Transcribe: ATGTGGCTA

4. Station 4 What happens when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter? How is transcription different from DNA replication? What determines which nucleotide is added next to form an RNA chain?

5. Station 5 What is the purpose of a termination signal? What are transcripts? What happens to mRNA after it is made?

6. Station 6 What are proteins made up of? How many amino acids are there? What does the sequence of amino acids tell us?

7. RNA

8. DNA Replication The strand that is copied to form a new strand is called a template In replication of a double-stranded DNA, both original (parental) DNA strands are copied When copying is finished, you have two separate helices, each consist of one of the original strands plus its copy.

9. Do Now: What is the complement?  AGTCGGAT  TAGCCTAC  CTGAGGAT

10. RNA Also made up of nucleotides  Sugar molecule: Ribose Uracil (U) pairs with Adenine (A) in RNA

11. Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Carries info from DNA to the cytosol Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Binds to specific amino acids  Aids in translation (RNA  proteins) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Makes up ribosomes

12. Protein Synthesis Genes are made up of DNA. Genes code for proteins. Proteins are made from long chains of amino acids.

13. How do we get from DNA to proteins?

14. STEP 1: Transcription DNA is transcribed (copied) into RNA.

15. RNA binds to a promoter.  Single gene in eukaryotes  Several genes in prokaryotes Where RNA polymerase binds, the DNA separates. DNA is transcribed until the termination signal is reached. At this point the RNA molecule releases the DNA

16. Transcription DNA Strand A T C A G G T A C G G A What’s the mRNA strand?

17. Protein Synthesis DNA Strand A T C A G G T A C G G A Check you answer. Did you have: U A G U C C A U G C C U

18. Proteins Composed of amino acids 20 different types of amino acids The sequence of the amino acids determines how the polypeptide twists and folds (shape).

19. Step 2: Translation mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence. The mRNA sequence is read in groups of 3 bases (codons) and the proper amino acids are found and linked together.

20. How do you know the right amino acid to use?

21. Let’s Make our own strand DNA Strand is: TAC GTA CTT ATT mRNA strand is: Codes for amino acids:

22. Check your strand: DNA Strand is: TAC GTA CTT ATT mRNA strand is: AUG CAU GAA UAA Codes for amino acids: MET HIS GLU STOP