1. Typical mixing ratios for some compounds of environmental importance

2. Atmospheric structure

4. atmospheric pressure The atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by the overhead atmosphere on a unit area of surface AB h vacuum Mercury barometer

5. Units for pressure International System of Units: Pascal (N/m 2 ) Hectopascal (hPa) mm Hg or Torr Millibar (mbar) psi (lb/in 2 ) 1 atm = 1.01325 x 10 5 Pascal (Pa) = 1.01325 x 10 3 hPa 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 Torr 1 atm = 1013.25 mbar 1 atm = 14. 7 psi

6. The ozone layer

7. Ultraviolet protection by ozone Ozone absorbs UV light in the solar irradiation that is harmful to life

9. Amount of UV Radiation That Reaches Earth’s Surface

10. Ozone formation and destruction in the stratosphere

11. The major natural carrier of chlorine to the stratosphere is CH 3 Cl CF 2 Cl 2  2 Cl. + other products CFCl 3  3 Cl. + other products

12. The Montreal Protocol

13. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Measurement Techniques

15. TOMS-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

18. Polar vortex

19. ONE-BOX MODEL

20. CO formation from methane oxidation

21. Sulfur gases -2+4+6 H 2 S Hydrogen sulfide (CH 3 ) 2 S Dimethylsulfide (DMS) CS 2 Carbon disulfide COS Carbonyl sulfide SO 2 Sulfur dioxide H 2 SO 4 Sulfuric acid SO 4 2- Sulfate Decreasing oxidation number (reduction reactions) Increasing oxidation number (atmospheric oxidation)

22. The sulfur cycle Sources of SO 2 : Natural ~42 Tg(S) Anthropogenic ~78 Tg (S)

23. Necessary ingredients for ozone formation CH 4 +. OH + O 2  CH 3 OO. + H 2 O CH 3 OO. + NO  CH 3 O. + NO 2 CH 3 O. + O 2  HCHO + HO 2. HO 2. + NO . OH + NO 2 NO 2 + h  NO + O (2x) O + O 2 + M  O3 + M (2x) Net: CH 4 + 4 O 2  HCHO + H 2 O + 2 O 3 VOC Sunlight

24. Photochemical air pollution 1

25. Greenhouse Glass, the material that greenhouse is made of, 1) transmit short-wavelength visible light, 2) absorbs and redirects the longer wavelengths of energy. These two aspects make the greenhouse warmer than outside air temperature.

26. Natural Greenhouse effect The natural greenhouse effect causes the mean temperature of the Earth's surface to be about 33 o C warmer than it would be if natural greenhouse gases were not present.

27. Enhanced greenhouse effect When concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, more infrared radiation is returned toward the earth and the surface temperature rises.