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Unit 2 Cells and Their Organelles
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Cell Theory States that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and cells come from preexisting cells.
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Unicellular Organisms Made of a single cell.
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Multicellular Organisms Made of more than one cell
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Organelles Small structures in cells.
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Chlorophyll Green pigment in plant cells that trap sunlight.
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Enzymes Proteins that speed up reactions
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Prokaryotic Cells Single cell
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Eukaryotic Cells More than one cell.
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DNA Instructions for genetic traits and making proteins.
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Cell Division The process when cells makes new cells.
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Differentiated The process of cells being able to perform many jobs and functions
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Stem Cells Cells that have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth; and are able to repair systems, dividing without limit to replenish other cells.
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Homeostasis To maintain a balance of internal conditions with external conditions.
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Permeable Membrane When all materials are allowed to move through the membrane
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Semipermeable Membrane When some materials are allowed to move through the membrane
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Selectively Permeable Membrane When specific materials are allowed to move through the membrane
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Passive Transport When materials are allowed to move down the concentration gradient without needing energy
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Active Transport When materials are allowed to move up the concentration gradient and require energy.
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Diffusion When materials move from higher concentration to lower concentration
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Concentrated Gradient The movement of materials along a barrier
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Osmosis Movement of water molecules down the concentration gradient
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Lyse to cause or produce a breakdown of a compound, substance, or cell (bursting).
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Facilitated Transport Movement of materials that require help to move.
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Transport Proteins Materials that help to move other materials along a barrier.
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Endocytosis Movement of materials into the cell by vesicles.
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Exocytosis Movement of materials out of the cell by vesicles
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Cell Cycle A series of events that take place in a cell, leading to its division and duplication.
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Interphase The resting stage of cell division in which DNA duplicates
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Gap 1 Phase (GI) A period in the cell cycle during interphase, in which the major period of cell growth takes place and new organelles are made.
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Synthesis Phase The phase during interphase of cell division in which the DNA molecules are replicated.
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Chromatid One-half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome
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Centromere The structure that holds chromatids together
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Gap 2 Phase The final sub-phase of interphase when the cell readies itself for mitosis
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Mitosis The second phase of cell division in which the nucleus divides into two nuclei
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Prophase The phase in mitosis in which the spindles form and the nuclear membrane begins to disappear
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Metaphase The phase in mitosis in which the chromosomes line up at the equator
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Anaphase The phase in mitosis in which the chromosomes begin to separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.
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Telophase The phase in mitosis in which the nucleus separates into two nuclei while the cytoplasm pinches inward.
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Cytokinesis The phase in cell division in which two daughter cells form.
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Cleavage Furrow The pinching in of two daughter cells to form the cell membrane in animal cells.
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Cell Plate The structure that forms between two daughter cells in plant cells to form the cell wall
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Chemical Control System System that regulates chemical reactions in organisms
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Internal Signal Stimuli inside the organisms that turn cell division on or off, such as hormones.
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External Signal Stimuli outside the organism that turn cell division on or off, such as weather
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Checkpoint Control mechanisms that ensure the continuation of cell division
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Cancer Cells Condition in which the cell cycle goes out of control.
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Malignant Tumor Tumor that can be lethal because it has cancer cells that break away from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body.
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Benign Tumor Harmless tumor because the cells stay together and can be removed.
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Biochemical Reactions Reactions that occur in living organisms
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Activation Energy Energy needed to start a reaction
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pH Scale used to measure the strength of an acid or a base
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Buffers Substances used to neutralize the level of acids and bases in organisms
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Catalyst Substances used to speed up the rate of reactions
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