1. America’s History Seventh Edition CHAPTER 4 Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society 1720-1765 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s James A. Henretta Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self

2. I. New England’s Freehold Society A.Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy 1.Husband the Head of the Household 2.Wife as the “Helpmate” 3.Motherhood 4.Restrictions B.Farm Property: Inheritance 1.Family Authority 2.Children of Wealthy Parents 3.Marriage 4.Father’s Duty

3. I. New England’s Freehold Society A.Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy 1.Husband the Head of the Household in The Well-Ordered Family (1712) Reverend Wadsworth of Boston told women that it was their duty “to love and reverence” their husbands; girls learned from their mothers to be subordinate to their fathers; courts prosecuted more women than men for fornication. 2. Wife as the “Helpmate” tended gardens, spun thread and yard from flax and wool, wove cloth, knitted, made candles and soap, churned butter, fermented malt for beer, preserved meats.

4. I. New England’s Freehold Society A.Farm Families: Women in the Household Economy 3. Motherhood marriage in 20s for women, given birth six to seven times by their 40s. Fear of death during childbirth and the importance of baptism for the new baby were believed to be a reason many Puritan women clung to the church even when fewer men were attending. 4. Restrictions no equality within the church, most women accepted such restrictions as social norms.

5. I. New England’s Freehold Society B. Farm Property: Inheritance 1.Family Authority emigrants wanted farms to provide for them and their grown children, landless children could be placed as indentured servants until age 18 or 21, landless men hoped to climb from laborer to tenant to freeholder. 2.Children of Wealthy Parents marriage portion between 23 and 25, consisted of land, livestock, or farm equipment; enabled parents to choose their children’s spouses because economic concerns outweighed love in the long-term interests of the extended family.

6. I. New England’s Freehold Society B. Farm Property: Inheritance 3. Marriage Marriage – bride gave her husband legal ownership of her property; she received a dower right to use but not sell one-third of the property if her husband died; this portion went to her children if she died or remarried. 4. Father’s Duty – provide an inheritance for children or lose status in the community; some men moved their families to the frontier where land was cheap and abundant; on the frontier these men created communities of independent property owners.

7. I. New England’s Freehold Society C.Freehold Society in Crisis 1.Population Increase 2.Changes in Family Life 3.“Household Mode of Production”

8. I. New England’s Freehold Society C.Freehold Society in Crisis 1.Population Increase rapid natural increase doubled New England’s population each generation from 100,000 people in Puritan colonies in 1700 to nearly 400,000 in 1750; resulted in the division and subdivision of family farms to 50 acres or less.

9. I. New England’s Freehold Society C.Freehold Society in Crisis 2. Changes in Family Life parents could now only provide one child with an inheritance of land, which resulted in parents having less control over their children; increase in premarital sex and marriages arranged quickly due to pregnancy; couples tried to limit family size or moved their new families into the frontiers of central Massachusetts, western Connecticut, and New Hampshire and Vermont. Wheat and barley were replaced with corn because it could feed people and provide nourishment for cattle and pigs.

10. I. New England’s Freehold Society C.Freehold Society in Crisis 3. “Household Mode of Production” system of community exchange in which families swapped labor and goods; participants recorded debits and credits and “balanced” their accounts by exchanging only small amounts of currency, which was in short supply.

11. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 A.Economic Growth and Social Inequality 1. Tenancy in New York 2. Conflict in Quaker Pennsylvania 3. Landlessness and Crime

12. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 A.Economic Growth and Social Inequality 1. Tenancy in New York to attract migrants to an area inhabited largely by wealthy Dutch and English families, landowners granted long leases and the rights to sell improvements (houses, barns) to subsequent tenants; population grew slowly because migrants desired to own land; new tools such as the cradle scythe (1750s) increased the amount of grain produced but not enough to enable quick profits and land ownership.

13. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 A. Economic Growth and Social Inequality 2. Conflict in Quaker Pennsylvania early Quakers had settled in Pennsylvania and New Jersey building simple homes and getting by with little; by 1760s wealthy landowners in eastern Pennsylvania were using slaves and poor immigrants on their farms; a new class of “agricultural capitalists” was forming out of men who were landlords, speculators, storekeepers, and large-scale farmers and whose presence marked the growing divisions between the social classes in the region.

14. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 A. Economic Growth and Social Inequality 3. Landlessness and Crime 50% of white men in the Middle Atlantic colonies owned no land though they desired to be landowners; crime rose after 1720; criminals tended to be propertyless, indentured servants, or migrants of Scots-Irish descent.

17. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 B. Cultural Diversity 1. Middle Colonies Not a “Melting Pot” city of Philadelphia had more than 12 religious denominations present in 1748; migrants married within their ethnic groups (Huguenots were an exception); large population of wealthy Quakers helped to shape the culture of Pennsylvania and western New Jersey; pacifists purchased land from Native Americans rather than seizing it; advocated the abolition of slavery.

18. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 B. Cultural Diversity 2. The German Influx more than 100,000 German migrants settled in the Pennsylvania/western New Jersey region in the 17th and 18th centuries; settled in Lutheran and Reformed communities; discouraged from marrying outside of their ethnicity; advocated married women having legal rights similar to in Germany (property and will-writing).

19. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 B. Cultural Diversity 3.Scots-Irish Settlers largest group of migrants came from Ireland (115,000); included Catholics, Scots, and Presbyterians who had faced religious and economic repression by the English; settled in Pennsylvania region for religious tolerance; retained cultural practices.

22. II. Toward a New Society: The Middle Colonies, 1720-1765 C. Religious Identity and Political Conflict 1. Religious Diversity Religious Diversity – Orthodox church officials of several religions brought intolerance to the colonies; in America, religious groups enforced acceptable behavior through communal self-discipline; Quaker marriage rules maintained that couples have land and livestock; wealthy Quakers encouraged marriage among their children while the poor remained single or married later in life; as Quaker population declined by 1750s, religious groups seeking increased political power (Lutherans and Baptists) had bitter conflicts raging amongst them.

24. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 A. The Enlightenment in America 1.The European Enlightenment 2.John Locke 3.Franklin’s Contributions

25. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 A. The Enlightenment in America 1. The European Enlightenment emphasis on the power of human reason; appealed to urban artisans, well-educated from merchant and planter families; 17th-century teachings of Copernicus (earth traveled around the sun); philosophers used empirical research and scientific reasoning to study social institutions and human behavior; four fundamental principles: law-like order of the natural world, power of human reason, natural rights of individuals (self-government) and the improvement of society through progress.

26. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 A. The Enlightenment in America 2. John Locke English philosopher; wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) stressing the importance of environment and experience on human beliefs and behavior; change was possible through education, thought, and action; Two Treatises on Government (1690) argued that power did not come from divine right but from social compacts with the people who have the power to change their government.

27. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 A. The Enlightenment in America 3. Franklin’s Contributions b. 1706, Boston); shaped by Enlightenment literature and not the Bible; a “deist” – believed that a Supreme Being (Grand Architect) had created the world, which operated by natural laws; rejected divinity.

28. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 B. American Pietism and the Great Awakening 1. Pietism 2. Jonathan Edwards’s Calvinism 3. Whitefield’s Great Awakening

29. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 B. American Pietism and the Great Awakening 1. Pietism an evangelical Christian movement that stressed a personal relationship with God, attracted farmers and urban laborers; an appeal to “hearts rather than minds.” 2.Jonathan Edwards’s Calvinism (b. 1703) in the Connecticut River Valley, Edwards preached the helplessness of men and women; “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” (1741), spoke of “Hell’s wide gaping mouth” and his promotion of conversions; successfully incited religious fervor in the region. 3. Whitefield’s Great Awakening

30. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 B. American Pietism and the Great Awakening 3.Whitefield’s Great Awakening spoke from memory about the power of God and the need to seek salvation; followers were called “New Lights” for their claim that they felt a new light in them after hearing Whitefield preach.

31. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 C. Religious Upheaval in the North 1. Old Lights and New Lights Old Lights (conservative ministers) condemned the crying and fainting of New Lights in revival meetings and the New Light practice of women speaking in public; New Lights withheld tax payments from Old Light churches; new enthusiasm for religion led to the founding of schools for ministers (Princeton, Columbia, Brown, and Rutgers); people felt new power to be part of the religious experience.

33. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 D. Social and Religious Conflict in the South 1. The Presbyterian Revival 2. The Baptist Insurgency

34. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 D. Social and Religious Conflict in the South 1. The Presbyterian Revival New Lights challenged the Church of England in the south; ritual displays of wealth became less meaningful as competition existed between the churches; Virginia governor denounced New Lights as offering “false teachings.”

35. III. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening, 1720-1765 D. Social and Religious Conflict in the South 2. The Baptist Insurgency 1760s thousands of white farmers converted to Baptist (adult baptism); Whitefield encouraged slaveholders to bring the enslaved to church but many whites opposed; free-blacks in Virginia embraced the church’s teachings; Baptist churches continued to grow in spite of these pressures; ministers spread teachings among slaves and began to shrink the cultural divide between white and black.

36. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 A.The French and Indian War 1. The Albany Congress 2. The War Hawks Win

38. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 B. The Great War for Empire 1. The Seven Years War 2. Pontiac’s Rebellion

39. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 (Key events: British war against French in America, surge in trade increases American debt to British, and an increase in westward migration leads to violence and rebellion.) B. The Great War for Empire 1. The Seven Years War (1756-1763) – Pitt directed the war successfully from England, controlling both the commercial and military strategies; British had stunning successes and acquired Cuba and the Philippines from Spain, French Senegal, Martinique and Guadeloupe (eventually returned to France); Treaty of Paris ending the war gave Britain control of over half of North America, including French Canada. 2. Pontiac’s Rebellion

40. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 (Key events: British war against French in America, surge in trade increases American debt to British, and an increase in westward migration leads to violence and rebellion.) B. The Great War for Empire 2. Pontiac’s Rebellion British acquisitions in North America frightened the Native American population, who believed that they would lose more territory to Anglo-American migrants; inspired by a prophet (Neolin) Pontiac (Ottawa Chief) with a group of loosely affiliated tribes launched an uprising against the British; though Pontiac’s rebellion was put down, the Proclamation of 1763 prohibited white settlement west of the Appalachians; ignored by colonists.

42. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 C. British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution 1. Resources 2. American Consumers D. The Struggle for Land in the East 1. Land Disputes

43. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 C. British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution 1.Resources since 1700 the dominant commercial power in Atlantic and Indian Oceans; first nation to use manufacturing technology and work discipline to expand output; mechanical power of water mills and steam engines (lathes for wood, jennies and looms for textiles, hammers for iron forging).

44. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 C. British Industrial Growth and the Consumer Revolution 2.American Consumers purchasing 30% of all British exports by exporting tobacco, rice, indigo, and wheat from the colonies; New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia supplied wheat to Europeans; profits from exports enabled colonists to buy goods from England; Americans became more dependent on overseas credit and markets.

45. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 D. The Struggle for Land in the East 1.Land Disputes rising population of colonies meant more land needed; disputes over land broke out in Hudson River Valley of New York, in New Jersey, and in some southern colonies; tenant uprisings; courts favored wealthy land owners; increasingly, the landless moved west to the Appalachian Mountains region.

47. 1. What was the purpose of this image when it was created in the 18th century?

48. 2. What does the image tell the audience about the origin of this product?

49. 3. What aspects of life in the tobacco fields of North America does the advertisement not reveal to consumers?

50. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 E. Western Rebels and Regulators 1. The South Carolina Regulators 2. Civil Strife in North Carolina

51. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 E. Western Rebels and Regulators (Movement of landless into the west meant clashes over Indian policies, political representation, and debts.) 1.The South Carolina Regulators during Seven Years War, Anglo-American and Scottish settlers in South Carolina clashed with Cherokee; so-called Regulators were vigilante landowners who demanded that South Carolina’s eastern government provide courts for the western part of the colony, fairer taxation and representation for those who had settled the region; unsuccessful in gaining power. 2. Civil Strife in North Carolina

52. IV. The Midcentury Challenge: War, Trade, and Social Conflict, 1750-1765 E. Western Rebels and Regulators (Movement of landless into the west meant clashes over Indian policies, political representation, and debts.) 2.Civil Strife in North Carolina 1766 saw significant economic crisis in North Carolina as tobacco prices fell; to avoid losing their land mobs of farmers (also called “Regulators”) closed the courts and intimidated judges; proposed legislation to lower their taxes; May 1771 North Carolina’s royal governor sought to suppress the rebellion; violence ensued, ending with 30 men dead and seven Regulator leaders executed.