1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer & Information Technology Computer Skills-1 4800150-2 1435/1436 Department of Computer Science Foundation Year Program Umm Alqura University, Makkah Place photo here

2. The Objectives and the outcomes Objectives: To understand the basic concept of computer To understand characteristics of computer To understand the application of computers and its benefits To understand the history of computers Outcomes: Students should be able to understand how computer works Students should be able to understand the basic elements of computer Students should be able to understand the benefits of computers Students should be able to understand the history of computers

3. Introduction At work, people use computers to analyze data, make presentations, conduct business transactions, communicate with customers and coworkers, control machines in manufacturing facilities, and do many other things. At home, people use computers for tasks such as paying bills, shopping online, communicating with friends and family, and playing computer games. A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task. Microsoft Word is a word processing program that allows you to create, edit, and print documents with your computer.

4. Introduction Adobe Photoshop is an image editing program that allows you to work with graphic images, such as photos taken with your digital camera. Programs are commonly referred to as software. Software is essential to a computer because it controls everything the computer does. In brief, A computer is a programmable machine. It allows the user to store all sorts of information and then ‘process’ that information, or data, or carry out actions with the information, such as calculating numbers or organizing words.

5. Characteristics of a Computer Speed Automation Diligent Accuracy. Reliable Storage Capacity.

6. Limitations of Computer Computer does not work on itself Computers are not intelligent Computers cannot take decisions on its own Computers, unlike humans cannot learn by experience.

7. OperationIn MathIn Computer Addition ++ Subtraction -- Multiplication × * Division ÷/ Definitions: Arithmetic operations: The table shows four known math operations.

8. DescriptionIn MathIn Computer Greater than > > Greater than or equal ≥>= Less than < < Less than or equal ≤<= Equal == Not equal ≠<> Definitions: Logical operations: the operations that have a result of either TRUE or FALSE but not together, such as comparisons in math.

9. Definitions: Data : is a set of facts, observations), remarks or comments and Ideas collected from a particular statistical society and entered to the computer for processing. Information: is a set of results that are output from the computer after processing the data. Processing: means performing computer operations like arithmetic & logical operations on an entered set of data, in order to get output information that is useful for the user.

10. Definitions: DataInformation Marks Sum, Average, Sorting marks Students names Arranging the in alphabetic order Dirty picture Clean picture Noisy song Filtered song The difference between Data and Information.

11. Definitions: User : is the one who makes use of the entered data to the computer and gets information useful for human or another computer IT (information technology): It is defined as the combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks). For example; Telephone Fax Mobile Wireless communication Internet Computer Computer Networks etc.

12. Basic Elements of Computer System

13. The basic elements of a computer system are: Mouse Keyboard Monitor Memory CPU or Processor motherboard Hard Disk Speakers Modem power supply

14. Basic Elements of Computer System Mouse: Mouse is used for operating the system. Nowadays, optical and wireless mousses are more popular as compared to simple mouse. Keyboard: Keyboard is used to input data in to the system so that the system gives output to the user. Monitor: displays the actions that the computer performs on our command. Motherboard: Motherboard again a necessary element of the computer system that contains different elements as memory, processor, modem, slots for graphic cards and LAN card.

15. Basic Elements of Computer System Hard Disk: Hard disk is used to store data permanently on computer. Modem: Modem is used to make a connection with the Internet. Two types of modems are widely used, namely; software modems and hardware modems. Speakers: Speakers are also included in basic elements of a computer.

16. How Computer Works? The computer accepts the data from the user as an input. It stores the data until it is ready for use. The computer has memory chips, which are designed to hold data until it is needed. The computer has an electronic brain called the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is responsible for processing all data and instructions given to the computer. Then it returns the processed information to the user. This is called output.

17. Computer Tasks

18. Uses of Computer systems Use of Computers in Education: Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers in Education: All schools and colleges have computer labs where they receive practical training from their teachers. Computers assist teachers in teaching their students easily and quickly. Students can search for the concepts or things which they wish to know, by referring to relevant websites. Increasing the knowledge of these students greatly. It enables the students to gain knowledge of various subjects and things which are out of their school syllabus to widen their learning. They help teachers to save time in teaching much more than they can do without them. Charts, diagrams and figures can easily be illustrated for the students while teaching practical oriented subjects

19. Uses of Computer systems Uses of computer in business: Computers can be used in business from the stage of manufacturing till the stage of its sale. Uses of Computers in Hospitals: Since almost 2 decades, computers have been included in hospitals and medical clinics throughout the world.

20. Uses of Computer systems Application of Computers in Hospitals Handling Medical Data Scanning and Imaging Examination and Monitoring Advantages of Computers in Hospitals Precise tests and medical examinations Faster medical alerts, which are more accurate time-wise Enhanced data about patients medical history Precision in diagnosis Precision in billing Automated updating of medical history

21. Uses of Computer systems Uses of Computers in Airports Keep track of the planes' locations, speed, direction, status, etc. Monitor security devices like cameras, x-ray machines, and metal detectors Keep up with the departure/arrival status Communicate over screens audio systems, and paging devices It is used for saving, who have booked the tickets

22. History of Computers & Computer Generations Using size and features as the bases, computers are classified into various generations. These generations of computers are discussed below: FIRST GENERATION: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Era) The first generation computers were bulky in size. They were able to execute hundreds of instructions per second and were expensive as well. They used vacuum tubes as their main components. Machine language is a first generation language, for example EDVAC, UNIVAC etc.

23. Computer Generations SECOND GENERATION: 1959-1964 (The Era of the Transistor) The second-generation computers were smaller in size as compared to the first generation computers. These were capable of executing thousands of instructions per second, with a transistor as its main component. Assembly language is the second generation language in which programs were written using mnemonic codes, for example, PDP (Programmed data processor), PDP1 etc.

24. Computer Generations THIRD GENERATION: 1965-1970 ( Miniaturizing the Computer ) They were more advanced and used integrated circuits. These computers contained thousands of components per circuit. They were cheaper than second-generation computers. The languages used in this generation were BASIC, COBOL etc. for example, IBM 307 Series, PDP II etc.

25. Computer Generations FOURTH GENERATION: over 1971 (The Microprocessor Era) They used complex circuits like the large-scale integrated circuits called microprocessors or chips, which surprisingly cost less than the third generation computers. These computers were able to execute millions of instructions per second. The languages used in this generation are C++, SQL etc. for example, CRAY 2, IBM 3090/600 Series.

26. Computer Generations FIFTH GENERATION: Updated (super/ultra large-scale integrated circuits Era) These computers work on artificial languages (AI) like LISP, PROLOG etc. They use super/ultra large-scale integrated circuits, which is also called parallel processing method. They execute billions of instructions per second. Different kinds of languages emphasize different parts about the problem.