1. Chapter 6, Part 1 Lesson: Behavioral/Social Knowledge Can Aid in the Resolution of Factual Disputes This is the 3rd reason why behavioral/social factual knowledge is used in legal decision- making

2. We use symbols all the time in Society… Symbols help us communicate information. Symbols are also important for businesses.

3. Trademark Infringement Trademark: A word, phrase, logo or other symbol used by a company to distinguish its products from those of other companies

4. –Case: Volkswagen and Audi v. Uptown Motors –Court: U. S. District Court for the Southern District of New York Example: Trademark Infringement

5. The Factual Dispute In This Case VOLKSWAGEN®, VW®, and Audi® are registered trademark in the United States Uptown Motors used the logos in its ads without VW’s permission

6. VW’s Claim VW claims that Uptown’s actions infringed its trademark rights VW argues that the consumers are confused by Uptown’s use of the VW trademark

7. Uptown’s Claim Uptown argues the opposite of VW These opposing beliefs constitute a FACTUAL DISPUTE a FACTUAL DISPUTE

8. Importance of Resolving the Factual Dispute If VW proves that consumers are likely to be confused by Uptown’s business practice then VW wins its case and is entitled to: Stop Uptown’s use of VW’s logo

9. Importance of Resolving the Factual Dispute But if VW proves that consumers were actually confused by Uptown’s business practice then VW wins its case and is entitled to: Stop Uptown’s use of VW’s logo Uptown’s profits VW’s financial damages Cost’s of litigation Up to 3x the amount of actual damages

10. Proving VW’s Claim To prevail, VW had to show that: –an appreciable number –of ordinarily prudent purchasers –are likely to be misled or confused and/or were actually misled or confused –as to the source of the services provided by Uptown (i.e., was Uptown an authorized VW service center)

11. Proving Likelihood of Confusion 1. Strength of VW's trademark: Years of Advertising Billions of Sales Fanciful = Distinctive and Strong

12. Proving Likelihood of Confusion 2. Degree of Similarity Between VW's and Uptown's marks Uptown used VW’s mark 3. Proximity of the Products or Services Both Uptown and VW services and repairs automobiles

13. Proving Likelihood of Confusion 4. Consumer Sophistication Sophisticated = Unlikely to be confused Unsophisticated = Easily confused

14. Proving Likelihood of Confusion 5. Quality of Services VW: high quality of service work

15. Proving Likelihood of Confusion vs. Uptown, which: Did not know its employees’ background or prior training Had no formal training program Did not give VW any control over the quality of the work done at Uptown Could not guarantee the quality of its work in the future

16. Proving Likelihood of Confusion 6. ‘Good Faith’ in using VW's trademark VW’s logo = trademark VW vigorously enforced its trademark rights Uptown was not authorized to use VW’s logo (mark) Uptown received 4 letters from VW demanding that it cease and desist from using the VW logo

17. Proving Likelihood of & Actual Confusion 7. Evidence of likelihood of confusion can come from a social science survey 8. Courts accept such surveys to prove actual confusion

18. Social scientists can help resolve factual disputes They are experts at: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting the results of research (e.g., surveys)

19. Asked the same question of 2 groups –Treatment Group: –Control Group: VOLKSWAGEN

20. Study 1: “Look at this advertisement and tell me if the repair shop is an authorized VW service center.” –Might the question asked in the survey lead to biased responding?

21. Study 1 was conducted using people who were getting services at 3 NYC VW dealers –Might the type of respondents surveyed affect the results?

22. Study 2: “Is the dealer authorized or independent, in your judgment?” To answer these questions, a follow-up survey was conducted using undergraduates at the social scientist’s university in Canada

23. Study I: Treatment Group: 45% believed the ad to be from an authorized service center Control Group: 28% believed the ad to be from an authorized service center Difference Between Groups (i.e., the Logo Effect): 17% Study II Treatment Group: 21% believed the ad to be from an authorized service center Control Group: 5% believed the ad to be from an authorized service center Difference Between Groups (i.e., the Logo Effect): 16%

24. The logo effect was almost identical in the two studies –Type of survey and type of respondent did not compromise the validity of study 1

25. Did VW Prove its Claim ? Using the results of the surveys, VW was able to show that: –an appreciable number –of ordinarily prudent purchasers –are were actually misled or confused as to the source of the services provided by Uptown 16.5% Based on Survey Sample Believed Uptown to be an Authorized VW service center

26. Court’s Conclusion There was significant actual confusion VW Wins!