1. A Concise Display of Multiple Response Items Patrick Thornton

2. Multiple Response Items: Outline  Example item, response & indicator variables  Summarize responses using indicator variables and a PROC FREQ  Summarizing responses into a single table –Create binary variable from indicators variables –Create a decimal variable from the binary –Create a MULTILABEL format for the decimal –Summarize responses in PROC TABULATE  Conclusion

3. Multiple Response Item with Example Responses  Are you proficient at speaking the following languages (answer all that apply)? –Spanish (yes) –English (yes) –Chinese (no)

4. Language Indicator Variables to Store the Responses data mydata; length e1-e3 gender 8.; label e1 = 'Spanish' e2='English' e3='Chinese' gender='Gender'; input e1 e2 e3 gender; cards; 1 1 0 1 ;run;

5. Formatting Language Indicator Variables proc format; value yesno 1 = 'Yes' 0 = 'No'; value gender 1 ='Male' 2 = 'Female'; run; data mydata; set mydata; format e1-e3 yesno. gender gender.; run;

6. Using PROC FREQ and the Indicator Variables to Display Language Responses TITLE1 “Standard Reporting Generates a Table for Each Variable”; PROC FREQ data=mydata; TABLE e1-e3; run;

7. Using PROC FREQ and the Indicator Variables to Display Language Responses

9. Using PROC TABULATE to Display the Language Responses

10. Creating Binary Variable from the Indicator Variables data mydata; set mydata; length language_binary $3.; language_binary = strip(catt(of e3 e2 e1)); run;

11. List Indicator and Binary Variables

12. Create a MULTILABEL Format based on 3 Character Binary Variable Proc format; value $langf (multilabel notsorted ) '000' = 'Missing' '001','011','101','111' = 'Spanish' '010','011','110','111'= 'English' '100','101','110','111'='Chinese'; run;

13. List Indicator and Binary Variables

14. Create a MULTILABEL Format based on 2 Character Binary Variable Proc format; value $langf (multilabel notsorted) '00' = 'Missing' '01','11' = 'Spanish' '10','11', = 'English'; Run;

15. Creating Binary and Decimal Variables from the Indicator Variables data mydata; set mydata; length language_binary $3. language_profile 8.; language_binary = strip(catt(of e3 e2 e1)); language_profile=input(language_binary,binary3.); run;

16. Listing of Binary and Decimal Variables

17. MULTILABEL Format to Label Decimal Values Proc format; value langf (multilabel notsorted ) 0 = 'Missing' 1,3,5,7 = 'Spanish' 2,3,6,7= 'English' 4,5,6,7= 'Chinese'; Run;

18. PROC TABULATE, MULTILABEL, and Decimal Variable proc tabulate data=mydata ; class language_profile /ORDER=DATA PRELOADFMT MLF; table language_profile="Language" all='Total', (n* format=10.0 pctn='%'*format=7.1)/ box='Table 1 Student reported language proficiency' rtspace=20; format language_profile $langf. ; run;

19. Single Table Display of Multiple Response Language Item

20. PROC TABULATE, MULTILABEL, Decimal Variable, and Column Variable proc tabulate data=mydata ; class language_profile /ORDER=DATA PRELOADFMT MLF; class gender; table language_profile="Language" all='Total', gender* (n* format=10.0 pctn='%'*format=7.1)/ box='Table 2 Student reported language proficiency by gender' rtspace=20; format language_profile $langf. ; run;

21. Single Table Display of Multiple Response Language Item and Gender

22. Macro Program for Creating the Multi-Label Format Thornton, P. (2013). A Concise Display of Multiple Response Items. Proceedings of the 2013 SAS Global Forum, San Francisco, CA

23. Bonus: BAND Function – Is it useful?  BAND is a function that performs a bitwise AND operation on two arguments –The result is a multiplication of each position in the binary form of two numbers –x=BAND (arg1,arg2) Arg1 = 001 Arg2 = 001 X = 1 –By passing 001 as Arg2, I can confirm a 1 is in the same position in Arg1

24. Is it useful to subset OBS with BAND? proc print data=mydata label; var language_binary language_profile e3-e1; where e1 = 1; run; proc print data=mydata label; var language_binary language_profile e3-e1; where band(language_profile,001); run;

25. Test of the BAND Function

26. Test of the BAND Function (con’t)

27. It does seem possible to subset OBS based on BAND proc print data=example label; var language_binary language_profile e6-e1; where band(language_profile,101010); run; Data subset; set example; if band(language_profile,101010); Run;

28. Conclusion  Creating binary and decimal variables from a series of indicator variables is useful –Display responses with PROC TABULATE and MULTILABEL format –A macro program can be used to build the format  Limitation –Observations where missing responses cannot be considered a “no” response must be removed from the display –Maximum of about 10 indicators (ie. 2**10-1 combinations)

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30. Contact Information Patrick Thornton, Ph.D. 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493 650 859-5583 Patrick.thornton@sri.com