1. SECTION 10-1
TEMPERATURE

2. A. Temperature and Energy
Temperature: Def. p.324
In our everyday life, we associate the sensation of hot or cold with the temperature of an object.

3. Every moving particle has kinetic energy, the average of the kinetic energy of the moving particle is called temperature.

4. If the average Kinetic energy of an object increases so does the object’s temperature and vice-versa.
The easiest way to measure temperature is with a thermometer.
Thermometer: Def. p.325.

5. i. Common Thermometers rely on expansion.
This is because most objects expand when they are hot.
Thermometers use this physical prop. of expansion, ex. liquid mercury and colored alcohol used in thermometers expand when the temperature increases and contracts when temperature drops.

6. The expansion and contraction is the result of energy exchange between the thermometer and the surroundings.

7. Liquid thermometers measure only temperature within a certain range: below certain temperature it freezes and above certain temperature it expands.

8. Thermometer in the refrigerator uses the expansion of metal; it contains a coil that contains two different metals strips that expand and contract as the temperature changes.

9. ii. Fahrenheit and Celsius are common scales used for measuring temperature.
In the US, the most familiar temperature scale is the Fahrenheit scale.
The units on the Fahrenheit scale are called degrees Fahrenheit or oF
On the Fahrenheit scale, H2O freezes at 32oF and boils at 212oF.
Other countries use the Celsius (or Centigrade scale). Also used in science.

10. Freezing point is 0oC while boiling point is 100oC.
Degree Celsius is nearly twice as large as degree Fahrenheit.
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit or Fahrenheit to Celsius, pg.326. (Equation)

11. iii. The Kelvin scale is based on absolute zero.
Lowest temperature physically possible is oC. This is referred to as absolute zero.

12. Absolute zero: Def. p.327.
Absolute zero is the basis for the Kelvin scale. The lowest temperature this scale is Ok hence the Kelvin scale has no negative value.
The Celsius - Kelvin equation = p.327.

13. CONVERSION EQUATIONS
°C to °F = 9/5 × (°C) + 32
K to °F = 9/5(°K - 273) + 32
°F to °C = 5/9(°F - 32)
°C to K = °C + 273
°F to K = 5/9 (°F - 32) + 273

14. B. Relating Temperature to Energy Transfer as Heat.
i. The feeling associated with temperature difference results from energy transfer.
Heat: Def. p.330.
Transfer of energy always goes from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lowest temperature.