1. Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: A new approach to the problem of development
Douglass C. North, John Joseph Wallis, Steven Webb and Barry R. Weingast

2. Political Economy and Development – neo-traditional
FACT: Countries with Successful development have competitive democracy and market capitalism
==>Underdevelopment and Poverty are the result of deviations from these institutions
Policy prescription: Do whatever possible from the agendas for competitive democracy and market capitalism.
Recognize that ALL is not possible in near term

3. Summary of an Alternate Framework
Control of violence is a primary motive, along with consumption and wealth
Three distinct social orders—each with a Logic
Primative order
Limited access order-- the political system manipulates the economic system to create rents that motivate control of violence.
European feudalism, empires of Rome, Ottoman, China
One-party state after over-throw of old regimes in Russia (USSR), China, post-colonial Africa, South Asia, and Latin America
Open access order-- political, economic, and other forms of competition sustain order -- modern
since 1800: Western Europe, English settler colonies, Japan, …
Countries become OAOs only under special conditions, including those to control violence.

4. Two Development Problems
Most poverty reduction occurs within limited access orders = first development problem
The second type of development occurs when societies make the transition from limited to open access social orders.
Typical development policy is intended to implement open access.
Little attention to making LAOs as such work better
No attention to the reasons for attractiveness of LAOs

5. Logic of the Limited Access Order
The limited access order emerges as a solution to endemic violence
Reducing violence is more important to most people than having freedom or more wealth
LAO = Default option -- Main order for most of recorded history and most of today’s world
The limited access order political system creates economic rents through limited access and then uses the rents to sustain order.
Having an organization with support from the ruler is the most critical privilege, the means to support other claims
Limiting access to organizations—political, military, economic, religious

6. Variation: Limited Access Orders
1) Fragile limited access orders: Only a dominant coalition; fragile; limited institutions; personal relations dominate.
2) Basic limited access orders:
the state has a stable organization, with a potentially durable institutional structure of suborganizations
but limited or no elite organizations outside state
3) Mature limited access order: Stable perpetual state, and support for public and private elite organizations.
Progress is stepwise  credible commitments build on each other and thus take time
Progress is not certain
Reverses do happen

7. Open Access Orders – and the Transition
Open access orders sustain open entry to political and economic organizations.
Built around effective competition in both political and economic systems.
All citizens have the ability to form contractual organizations.

8. Doorstep and Transition
Some limited access orders move to positions in which transition to open access can be sustained.
We call these the Doorstep Conditions
Rule of law for elites
Perpetuity for both organizations and states
Consolidated, political control of organizations with violence potential (military, police, etc)
The conditions:
Create the possibility of impersonal exchange among elites.
Facilitate expansion of the elite who can participate.
All three are necessary for transition, although not sufficient

9. What does this framework imply for the development problems facing the WB?
Three sets of research questions:
How do societies evolve within social orders, particularly within limited access orders?
How to make the transition from one order to another?
How this relates to the specifics of the modern world and the development issues facing the World Bank?

10. Limited Access Orders in a world dominated by OAOs
Do LAOs today have advantages to catch up in development to OAOs?
Well-established OAO institutional forms
 more rapid institutional development is sometimes possible
On several dimensions our framework suggests disadvantages as well
The world political order–survival of the unfit
Technology
Multinational firms

11. OAO technology for LAOs
Development vs. Economic Growth
Development = improving institutions
Importing OAO technology for growth
elites get more consumption and power internationally
without improving their LAO institutions
LAO elites may control entry of technology and access to it
More rents and domestic power for elite

12. Multinational Firms coming to LAOs
How does the presence of multinational firms backed with sanctions from OAOs affect the incentives of LAO elites to create better domestic institutions?
Model for development? Or a substitute?
Banks and other financial services
Guarantee of property rights
Joint ventures give international backing to property rights of elites, reducing incentive for domestic institutions for property rights.
Dual economies and the informal sector
space for non-elite economic activity Non-threatening to the elites

13. Next research questions
The transition to OAO is an important problem, but not the only problem the World Bank and development agencies should address.
Implications of the framework for how to get limited access orders to perform better.
Does this strengthen the position of elites?
Does this help the poor?
Does this increase or decrease the chance of eventual transition of OAO?
Next research steps;
Case studies to understand experience beyond North Atlantic region