1. NEXT Section 1 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms

2. NEXT Invasions of Western Europe Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Effects of Constant Invasions and Warfare Germanic invaders overrun western Roman Empire400s Trade and government disrupted; people abandon cities Beginning of Middle Ages(500 – 1000) The Decline of Learning Thus the DARK AGES SECTION 1 Loss of a Common Language German language changes Latin; dialects develop

3. NEXT Germanic Kingdoms Emerge SECTION 1 Years of Upheaval Between 400 and 600 Germanic kingdoms Continual wars change borders Church est. order and security The Concept of Government Changes Government = family ties and loyalty Communities governed by unwritten rules/traditions Loyalty to chieftans Continued...

4. NEXT continued Germanic Kingdoms Emerge SECTION 1 Clovis Rules the Franks Rules Franks Converts to Christianity in 496 Unites Franks into one kingdom with Church’s help by 511

5. NEXT Germans Adopt Christianity SECTION 1 How the Church Spread Frankish rulers convert Germanic peoples to Christianity Missionaries travel to convert Germanic and Celtic groups Monasteries, Convents, and Manuscripts Church builds monasteries and convents Monks establish schools, preserve learning through libraries Continued... Image

6. NEXT continued Germans Adopt Christianity SECTION 1 Papal Power Expands Under Gregory I In 590, Gregory I, also called Gregory the Great, becomes pope Under Gregory, Church becomes secular—a political power Pope’s palace becomes center of Roman government Uses Church money to raise armies, care for poor, negotiate treaties

7. NEXT An Empire Evolves SECTION 1 Europe’s Kingdoms Franks - control largest/strongest kingdoms Charles Martel Emerges Defeats Muslims from Spain at Tours in 732; becomes a Christian hero Son, Pepin, begins Carolingian Dynasty— family that ruled 751–987 Image

8. NEXT Charlemagne Becomes Emperor SECTION 1 From Pepin to Charlemagne Pepin dies in 768, leaves kingdom to two sons; in 771 one son dies Second son, Charlemagne (Charles the Great), rules kingdom Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule Charlemagne’s armies reunite western Europe, spread Christianity Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor; gives him title, “Roman Emperor” Germanic power, Church, heritage of Roman Empire now joined together (UNIFICATION OF POWER) Continued...

9. NEXT continued Charlemagne Becomes Emperor SECTION 1 Charlemagne Leads a Revival Charlemagne limits nobles’ power Encourages learning and creates monastic schools WHAT TYPE OF EDUCATION IS COMMON AT THIS TIME? Charlemagne’s Heirs Charlemagne dies in 814his son Louis the Pious (heir) Louis’s three grandsons fight for control of empire Lothair, Charles the Bald, Louis the German In 843 they divide empire into three kingdoms; sign Treaty of Verdun Interactive

10. NEXT Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe. Section 2 Feudalism in Europe

11. NEXT A New Social Order: Feudalism Feudalism Structures Society Feudalism - based on land control A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholders SECTION 2 The Feudal Pyramid King at the top Served by nobles Served by knights Peasants at bottom (most people) Knights—horsemen—defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs Continued... Chart

12. NEXT Social Classes Are Well Defined Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups -those who fight: nobles and knights -those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church -those who work: peasants Social class –inherited (usually) Most peasants are serfs—bound to land Not slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord continued A New Social Order: Feudalism SECTION 2 Image

13. NEXT Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism The Lord’s Estate Manor Serfs/free peasants maintain the lord’s estate, give grain The lord provides housing, farmland, protection SECTION 2 A Self-Contained World Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self-sufficient Continued...

14. NEXT The Harshness of Manor Life Peasants pay taxes Taille – Tax in goods Corvee – Tax in labor Tithe—a church tax—is equal to one-tenth of a peasant’s income ROUGH LIFE (Poor diet, illness, malnutrition life expectancy 35 Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan continued Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism SECTION 2 Image

15. Section 3 The Age of Chivalry The code of chivalry for knights glorifies combat and romantic love. NEXT

16. Knights: Warriors on Horseback The Age of Chivalry The Technology of Warfare Changes Leather saddle and stirrups enable knights to handle heavy weapons In 700s, mounted knights become most important part of an army SECTION 3 The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of warring nobles Feudal lords raise private armies of knights Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons Knights’ other activities help train them for combat

17. NEXT Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry The Code of Chivalry chivalry—a set of ideals on how to act They are to protect weak and poor; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady Interactive Image SECTION 3

18. NEXT The Literature of Chivalry Love Poems and Songs Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords Troubadours—traveling poet-musicians—write and sing short verses SECTION 3

19. NEXT Women’s Role in Feudal Society Status of Women According to the Church/society, women are inferior Noblewomen Can inherit land, defend castle, send knights to war on lord’s request Usually confined to home or convent Peasant Women Most labor in home/field, bear children, provide for family Poor, powerless, SECTION 3

20. NEXT Section 4 The Power of the Church Church leaders and political leaders compete for power and authority.

21. NEXT The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church The Power of the Church The Structure of the Church Power within Church is organized by status; pope is supreme authority Religion as a Unifying Force Religion important in Middle Ages; shared beliefs bond people Clergy administers the sacraments—rites to achieve salvation Village church is place of worship and celebration SECTION 4 Continued... Image

22. NEXT The Law of the Church The Church has system of justice to guide people’s conduct expected to obey canon law Popes have power over political leaders through threat of -excommunication -interdiction—denial ofsacraments and services Kings and emperors expected to obey pope’s commands continued The Far-Reaching Authority of the Church SECTION 4

23. NEXT The Church and the Holy Roman Empire SECTION 4 Signs of Future Conflicts Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire is the strongest European power until about 1100 Map

24. NEXT The Emperor Clashes with the Pope Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII bans lay investiture—kings appointing Church officials Henry IV orders pope to resign; Gregory VIII excommunicates Henry. (they make up) PROBLEM STILL CONTINUES SECTION 4 Concordat of Worms Compromise: pope appoints bishops, emperor can veto appointment