1. 「社會學動動腦」 授課人：苗延威 本週主題 社會階層與社會流動

2. 社會階層 In sociology, social stratification is a concept involving the "classification of people into groups based on shared socio-economic conditions... a relational set of inequalities with economic, social, political and ideological dimensions." When differences lead to greater status, power or privilege for some groups over the other it is called Social Stratification. It is a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. sociology

3. 社會階層 Social stratification is based on four basic principles: (1) Social stratification is a trait of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences; (2) Social stratification carries over from generation to generation; (3) Social stratification is universal but variable; (4) Social stratification involves not just inequality but beliefs as well. In modern Western societies, stratification is broadly organized into three main layers: upper class, middle class, and lower class. Each of these classes can be further subdivided into smaller classes (e.g. occupational).Western societiesupper classmiddle classlower class

4. 社會階層 These categories are particular to state-based societies as distinguished from feudal societies composed ofnobility-to- peasant relations. Stratification may also be defined by kinship ties or castes.state-basedfeudalnobility peasantkinship tiescastes For Max Weber, social class pertaining broadly to material wealth is distinguished from status class which is based on such variables as honor, prestige and religious affiliation. Max Weberstatus class Talcott Parsons argued that the forces of societal differentiation and the following pattern of institutionalized individualization would strongly diminish the role of class (as a major stratification factor) as social evolution went along. It is debatable whether the earliest hunter- gatherer groups may be defined as 'stratified', or if such differentials began with agriculture and broad acts of exchange between groups. One of the ongoing issues in determining social stratification arises from the point that status inequalities between individuals are common, so it becomes a quantitative issue to determine how much inequality qualifies as stratification.Talcott Parsonshunter- gathereragriculture

5. 社會階級 Social class (or simply "class") is a set of concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories.social sciencespolitical theorysocial stratificationhierarchical

6. 社會階級 Class is an essential object of analysis for sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists and social historians.sociologistspolitical scientistsanthropologistssocial historians However, there is not a consensus on the best definition of the term "class", and the term has different contextual meanings. In common parlance, the term "social class," is usually synonymous with "socio- economic class," defined as: "people having the same social, economic, or educational status," e.g., "the working class"; "an emerging professional class."socio- economic

7. 社會階級 In the late 18th century, the term "class" began to replace classifications such as estates, rank, and orders as the primary means of organizing society into hierarchical divisions. This corresponded to a general decrease in significance ascribed to hereditary characteristics, and increase in the significance of wealth and income as indicators of position in the social hierarchy.

8. 社會流動 Social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups in social position over time.social position It may refer to classes,ethnic groups, or entire nations, and may measure health status, literacy, or education — but more commonly it refers to individuals or families, and their change in income.classesethnic groupsnationsliteracyeducationchange in income It also typically refers to vertical mobility—movement of individuals or groups up (or down) from one socio-economic level to another, often by changing jobs or marriage; but can also refer to horizontal mobility—movement from one position to another within the same social level. Social mobility can be the change in status between someone (or a group) and their parents/previous family generations ("inter-generational"); or over the change during one's lifetime ("intra-generational"). inter-generational

9. 社會流動 It can be "absolute"—i.e. total amount of movement of people between classes, usually over one generation (such as when education and economic development raises the socio-economic level of a population); or "relative" -- an estimation of the chance of upward (or downward) social mobility of a member of one social class in comparison with a member from another class. A higher level of intergenerational mobility is often considered praiseworthy, and the sign of greater fairness, or equality of opportunity, in a society.equality of opportunity

10. 社會流動 Mobility is enabled to a varying extent by economic capital, cultural capital (such as higher education), human's capital (such as competence and effort in labour), social capital (such as support from one's social network),physical capital (such as ownership of tools, or the 'means of production'), and symbolic capital (such as the worth of an official title, status class, celebrity, etc.).economic capitalcultural capitalhuman's capitalsocial capitalsocial networkphysical capitalmeans of productionsymbolic capitalstatus classcelebrity