2. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 1 Computing Concepts Plagiarism and Referencing

3. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 2 Context of this Lecture Where this lecture fits Social Issues and assignment Plagiarism and Referencing Finding Library Resources

4. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 3 PLAGIARISM What is it? Why is it important to me? How can I avoid it? Why I shouldn’t do it?

5. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 4 PoliticsNJ, The Pulblis Group, Hoboken, NJ. http://www.politicsnj.com/plagerism090903.htm. http://www.politicsnj.com/plagerism090903.htm The simplest definition of plagiarism :

6. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 5 According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (http://www.m-w.com), to plagiarise means:http://www.m-w.com to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own : use (another's production) without crediting the source to commit literary theft : present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

7. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 6 Did You Know? The word plagiarism comes from the Latin plagiarius meaning "kidnapper" San Jose State University, Plagiarism Tutorial, http://130.65.109.143/plagiarism/tutorial/introduction.php. http://130.65.109.143/plagiarism/tutorial/introduction.php

8. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 7 Plagiarism is theft of intellectual property.  Plagiarism is cheating.  Plagiarism will result in receiving an ‘F’ for the assignment. In all instances, the case will be brought before the Academic Misconduct Officer for disciplinary action.  Any student found guilty of plagiarism more than once will have their studies terminated  Plagiarism at dissertation level will result in failure of degree with no opportunity to re-submit Why is plagiarism important? Who really cares?

9. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 8 Eastern Kentucky University, From Today's Cartoon by Randy Glasbergen, http://www.acts.eku.edu/cartoon/more.htm. http://www.acts.eku.edu/cartoon/more.htm

10. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 9  Possibly the most important reason to not plagiarise is that it robs you of the educational experiences involved in research, thinking, and writing.  One of the main purposes of higher education is to learn to do research, to help expand thought processes, to improve writing skills, and to learn to prepare presentations.  Taking credit for someone else’s work damages you most of all.

11. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 10 Carnegie Mellon University, Enhancing Education, “Plagiarism and the Web.” http://www.cmu.edu/teaching/resources/plagiarism.html. http://www.cmu.edu/teaching/resources/plagiarism.html Some of the things that you think you know about plagiarism may be wrong.

12. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 11 Alive or dead, it does not matter. If it is not your own idea, you must reference your source!!

13. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 12 If you translate or paraphrase something, you must still reference. Falan Dafa Clearwisdom.net, English version of Minghui.org, http://clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2002/12/20/29964.html. http://clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2002/12/20/29964.html

14. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 13 You may have been told that if you put something into your own words, you need not reference. This is incorrect. The material is still someone else’s idea and requires acknowledgement. Paraphrasing requires a reference.

15. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 14 Do you know how to paraphrase correctly? Paraphrasing is more than simply rewording the original material! It must be almost entirely in your own words. You must use new synonyms and new phrases. Only technical terms should be repeated. Any exact words that are retained should have quotation marks around them. The sentence structure should be yours, not the same as in the source. Do not add ideas, interpretations, explanations, or assessments.

16. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 15 Examples: Source: Unless steps are taken to provide a predictable and stable energy supply in the face of growing demand, the nation may be in danger of sudden power losses or even extended blackouts, thus damaging our industrial and information- based economies. – John Doe, 1999, p.231. Inadequate paraphrase: Doe (1999) recommends that the government take action to provide a predictable and stable energy supply because of constantly growing demand. Otherwise, we may be in danger of losing power or even experiencing extended blackouts. These circumstances could damage our industrial and information-based economy. (p.231).

17. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 16 The inadequate paraphrase is guilty of plagiarism even though the material is cited correctly. The writer has used too many word-for-word phases from the source. Also, the order of the ideas is unchanged from the source. Compare the following correct paraphrase: Doe (1999) believes that we must find a more reliable source of energy if we are to have a dependable electricity supply. Without this, the nation’s economic base may be damaged by blackouts (p.231). Using Sources Effectively: Strengthening Your Writing and Avoiding Plagiarism. (2002) Robert A. Harris. : Pyrczak Publishers, Los Angeles, California

18. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 17 Quotations should be used sparingly. They must be exact, word-for-word as they appear in the original document. Quotes require a citation in addition to the use of quote marks. Every quoted word needs to be cited. Even a short phrase or single word must be quoted and cited if it is unusual. “pretzeled logic” “clandestine coup” Using Sources Effectively: Strengthening Your Writing and Avoiding Plagiarism. (2002) Robert A. Harris. : Pyrczak Publishers, Los Angeles, California

19. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 18 Quotations must be attributed to the original author and the source that you used. For example: If you use the phrase, “Fourscore and twenty years ago, our forefathers...” you must give credit to Abraham Lincoln and the book in which he is quoted. Lincoln, Abraham. Gettysburg Address. In Lincoln at Gettysburg: the Words that Remade America, Garry Wills. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.

20. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 19 The Plagiarism Handbook by Roger A. Harris (2001), http://www.pyrczak.com/antiplagiarism/index.htm. http://www.pyrczak.com/antiplagiarism/index.htm

21. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 20 You cannot use someone else’s paper, art work, or presentation without proper reference even if he gave you permission. (Of course, your tutor will not want someone else’s paper as your work even with proper references!) You may even have to reference yourself. If you created a work for a previous paper or presentation, and you are using it again, you must reference your previous work. Did you notice that ‘roommate’ is spelled incorrectly on the previous slide?

22. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 21 What about all that “free” stuff people put on the web? Can you use that? No. Free means economically free, you do not have to pay for it. The “free” stuff has a specific use and can only be used free for the intended use. If you use the words, graphics, or ideas, you must reference. Kraft Foods, http://web.kraftfoods.com/koolaid/2001/ka_free_stuff.html.http://web.kraftfoods.com/koolaid/2001/ka_free_stuff.html

23. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 22 There are many sites that will sell you an essay or term paper. Presenting this material as your own is plagiarism. Some of the papers for sale sites do have disclaimers saying that you must reference their work. Essays on D. H. Lawrence, http://www.essays-on-dh-lawrence.com.http://www.essays-on-dh-lawrence.com REMEMBER, IF YOU CAN FIND IT, SO CAN YOUR TUTOR

24. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 23 Peter’s Progress, Cliff and Jeanie Peters http://www.cjpeters.com/Progress/Sep2003/sep2003.htm. http://www.cjpeters.com/Progress/Sep2003/sep2003.htm

25. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 24 Is the Vicar incorrect? Did he plagiarise? Probably not. If he said, “According to the Bible...,” then he did not plagiarise. However, if he claimed the words as his own, he did plagiarise. However, he would not be guilty of a copyright violation.

26. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 25 Don’t confuse copyright violation with plagiarism. Copyright law is very complex. Under the terms of “Fair Use,” you may use quotes and ideas for your work without getting permission of the authors IF you give proper references. If you are writing or creating for profit, you must get permission from others to use their ideas even if you reference.

27. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 26 The lectures by our tutors are protected by copyright laws. If you use their ideas, you must give them credit. To not do so is plagiarism! “Plagiarism and Cheating,” skills4study, Palgrave, Macmillan. http://www.palgrave.com/skills4study/html/reading_writing/plagiarism.htm. http://www.palgrave.com/skills4study/html/reading_writing/plagiarism.htm

28. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 27 Sometime in primary school you may have been told that if your information comes from an encyclopedia or a dictionary it is common knowledge and does not need to be referenced. That is a MAYBE. What is common knowledge?

29. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 28 Common knowledge consists of: Information that is easily observed – the sky is blue, but not a detailed explanation of why the sky is blue. Commonly reported facts – George Washington was the first president of the United States, but not the information that historians have to say about Washington. Common sayings such as proverbs – “Waste not, want not;” “Look before you leap.” Common knowledge does not need to be referenced, but be sure that what you are using really is common knowledge. When in doubt ask either your tutor or visit the writing centre.

30. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 29 Referencing Is a standardised method of acknowledging another individual’s or group’s work. Avoids plagiarism ie: knowingly copying another person’s work. Allows readers to explore an avenue of interest.

31. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 30 Referencing Always cite sources used in assignments and projects. Use Harvard system within text. Provide a Reference section.

32. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 31 The Harvard style of referencing requires second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented to highlight alphabetical order. References Bennet, S., McRobb, S. and Farmer, R. (1999) Object-Oriented Systems Analysis and Design Using UML. McGraw Hill, Berkshire: England.

33. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 32 Books Using the Harvard system, the author's name and year of publication are inserted within the text for reference: eg "in a recent study (Picard, 1997) it is described as..." If the author's name occurs naturally in the sentence, the year is given in parentheses; if not both name and date are given: eg "Laurel (1992) argues that...."

34. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 33 When the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year, these are distinguished by adding lower-case letters (a, b, c, etc.) after the year and within parentheses. "In a further article (Laurel 1992b) greater attention is given to..."

35. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 34 Overview What is a reference What information is needed How to cite How to create a list of references

36. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 35 According to Webster’s Dictionary (2002), a reference is “a short note acknowledging a source of information or quoting a passage” Bibliography (full reference): (2002). Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, [online] www.dictionary.com [accessed] 17-Sept-02 Citation: (Webster, 2002)

37. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 36 5 easy steps 1. For all references start with the author information. (author surname, first) 2. Then add the publish date of the reference. (1990) 3. Next add the title of the reference. (The Definitive Guide to Referencing) 4. Next add the publishing details of the reference. Web address OR Publisher name and place 5. Last add specific details of the reference. Date web page was accessed OR page numbers.

38. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 37 “A computer is a device that allows data…to be stored, manipulated, retrieved and communicated electronically.” Whitfield A (2002). Page 3 According to Whitfield (2002), data is information without meaning. Data has two aspects - information and instructions. Whitfield A (2002). Reference: Whitfield A (2002). IM&C Booklet. Liverpool Hope

39. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 38 Your reference section of reports and papers should list all of your references alphabetically. Adam-Smith P (1978) The ANZACS, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne 'Anorexia nervosa' (1969) British Medical Journal, 1, 529-530. Beckleheimer J (1994) How do you cite URL's in a bibliography? [Online] www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/ bibliography.html [Accessed 13-Dec-95] Butler J & Walbert D (1986) Medicine and the Law, Facts on File Publications, New York. Dewhirst C (1986) 'Hot air over the Himalayas', World Geographic, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 44-45. Educating America for the 21st century (1994) [Online] www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/ EdPlan.html [Accessed 2001, May 16].

40. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 39 Warning: You must cite your references. If you use anyone’s work, for any reason, whether a friend’s work, the internet, or a book, it is plagiarism, and reason for expulsion from the course if not cited.

41. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 40 WHEN IN DOUBT REFERENCE

42. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 41 Anglia Ruskin University Library http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm

43. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 42 Plagiarism Declaration PLAGIARISM DECLARATION This page must be signed by the student, in the presence of the supervisor or award director. It must be bound in with the dissertation. By signing this page, the student is acknowledging that they have read and understood the statement. All sentences or passages in this dissertation from other people’s work have been specifically acknowledged by clear cross-referencing to author, work and page(s). Any and all other materials that are not the work of the author of this dissertation (for example, but not limited to illustrations, diagrams, collected data, audio and video material) are specifically acknowledged by clear reference to the source. I understand that failure to do this amounts to plagiarism and will be considered grounds for failure in this dissertation and in the degree examination as a whole. Name (Please use block capitals) Signature Date Witnessed by (supervisor or award director): Name (Please use block capitals) Signature Date

44. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 43 FOR MORE INFORMATION: The Copyright Crash Course, by Georgia K. Harper, 2001, University of Texas at Austin, http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/IntellectualProperty/cprtindx.htm. This site explains copyright and fair use in easy to understand language. http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/IntellectualProperty/cprtindx.htm Online! A reference guide to using Internet sources, by Andrew Harnock and Eugene Kleppinger, 2003, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html. This site includes links to many citation styles. http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/index.html OWL, Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, “Research and Documenting Sources,” http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research. This site contains explanations and examples of many aspects of writing a paper. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research

45. www.hope.ac.uk Deanery of Business & Computer Sciences 44 “Plagiarism Sites,” English Department, Jacksonville State University, Alabama, http://www.jsu.edu/depart/english/treed/plagiarism.html. A compiled list of sites dealing with plagiarism. http://www.jsu.edu/depart/english/treed/plagiarism.html “Plagiarism in the News,” Bridgewater College Online Writing Lab, Bridgewater, Virginia, http://www.bridgewater.edu/WritingCenter/Workshops/Plagiar ismCases.htm. A discussion of recent legal cases involving plagiarism. http://www.bridgewater.edu/WritingCenter/Workshops/Plagiar ismCases.htm Edited and Adapted by Rosemary Pendleton, Liverpool Hope University College, 26/01/2005