1. Language Variation: Registers
By:
Arif Hadziq Fikri (197)
Ajeng Diar Kartika (200)
Putri Rahmayanti (206)
Andri Wahyu Yuli Risanti (209)
Rizki Ambarwati (210)
Ahmad Yunandar (211)
Nenih Nuraenih (213)

2. Register??? A variant of language according to the use.
Crystal (1991, p. 295) defines register as "a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations, e.g. a register of scientific, religious, formal English.“
According to Holmes (2001: 246), register is a variety of language associated with such situational parameters as: addressee, setting, mode of communication, task or topic.
Halliday’s description of register as ‘a variety of language, corresponding to a variety of situation’, with situation interpreted ‘by means of a conceptual framework using the terms “field”, “tenor” and “mode”’ (Halliday, 1985/89: 29, 38)

3. What is register determined by?
Halliday (1978: 33, 62-64):
Every register is determined by three controlling variables
(Three Parameters of Context of Situation )
Mode
Field
Tenor

4. MODE The choice between speech and writing.
Read these two example of sentences!
Which one is more suitable to be used in speaking and which one in writing?
(1) You can control the trains in this way, and if you do that you can be quite sure that they‘ II be able to run more safely and more quickly that they  would otherwise, no matter how bad the weather gets.
(3) The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster train running in the most adverse weather conditions.

5. See how the vocabulary becomes more difficult and the grammar is simpler!
You can control the trains in this way, and if you do that you can be quite sure that they ' II be able to run more safely and more quickly that they  would otherwise, no matter how bad the weather gets.
The use of this method of control unquestionably leads to safer and faster train running in the most adverse weather conditions.
Spoken language
few content carrying words  
high grammatical intricacy
many clauses per sentence  
Written language
many content-carrying words
low grammatical intricacy
few clauses per sentence

6. Subject matter or topic
FIELD
Private
Place
Public
Setting
Past
Time
Present
Narrate
Argue
Entertain
Persuade
Describe
Inform/ report
Apply
Ask
Purpose
Subject matter or topic
Daily activities, business /workplace, science, education/ academic, government/ legal/ politics, religion, sports, art/ entertainment, etc.

7. TENOR the social relationship between interactants (the addressor and the addressee) : student/teacher, friend/friend, customer/ salesperson, child/mother etc.
Functional linguists have suggested three aspects of role relationships:
POWER, CONTACT and AFFECTIVE INVOLVEMENT
affects the choice of vocatives

8. Aspects of Role Relationships
Meaning
Choice of Vocatives
Power
concerned with equalities and inequalities of status.
For example:
between friends, there is equal power;
between boss and employee there is unequal or non-reciprocal power.
Equal → vocative use is reciprocal
Example:
if I call you by your first name, you will call me by my first name. Or if I use title plus surname, so will you.
Unequal → vocative use is non-reciprocal
you may call your doctor Dr. Bloggs, but he may call you Peter.
Contact
range from intimate to frequent to occasional to very rare.
between the spouses is intimate
between distant acquaintances can be occasional.
Frequent→ we often use nicknames:
Johnno, Pete, Shirl.
Infrequent → we often have no vocatives at all
e.g. the clerk at the post office, or the bus driver you see every day
Affective Involvement
close friends are affectively involved, whereas colleagues in work places usually are not highly involved with each other affectively.
High→ we use diminutive forms of names and terms of endearment: Georgie-Porgie, Darl.
Low → we use formal "given" names: Peter, Suzanne.

9. The formality level of the situation
All languages exhibit a number of different levels of usage, usually as many as five levels as was first proposed by Joos (1962):
frozen → ex: I want to welcome you to the Closer Connections Conference, sponsored in part by Dakota TESL and SDALL.
formal → ex: Could you possibly type this up for me by tomorrow?
Consultative → ex: Can you finish this after lunch?
Casual → ex: Watch the door for me, OK?
Intimate → ex: Hey, darlin’, pour me a cuppa joe.

10. NOW, Try to answer,
What is the mode (spoken/written), field(setting, purpose, topic), and tenor (role relationship) of each sentence below?
Hey Freddie! Get off your butt and give me a hand here. Shove that chair over closer to the desk.
  Oh, Dr. Smith. I'm just trying to tidy my office up a bit and wondered if you'd mind maybe giving me a quick hand with moving some furniture! If you've got time, I mean. It won't take a moment. Now if we could just move this chair over a bit nearer to the desk there. Thanks very much. 

11. Hey Freddie. Get off your butt and give me a hand here
Hey Freddie! Get off your butt and give me a hand here. Shove that chair over closer to the desk.
Equal power, frequent contact, Low affective involvement
Using slang for friend
Using imperative
Using politeness
Oh, Dr. Smith. I'm just trying to tidy my office up a bit, and I wondered if you'd mind maybe giving me a quick hand with moving some furniture. If you've got time, I mean. It won't take a moment. Now if we could just move this chair over a bit nearer to the desk there. Thanks very much.
Unequal power, frequent contact, Low affective involvement
Using if-clauses for the boss.