1. ETSI Methodology1 LCC Methodology Håkan Sundquist Structural Design and Bridges KTH

2. ETSI Methodology 2 There are many requirements on a bridge

3. ETSI Methodology 3 The classic task

4. ETSI Methodology 4 The classic bridge design task

5. ETSI Methodology 5 LCC optimization

6. ETSI Methodology 6 Include maintenance and operation costs

7. ETSI Methodology 7 Agency or owner costs

8. ETSI Methodology 8 The bridge must also contribute economically to the society

9. ETSI Methodology 9 Include society costs during maintenance and repair Include eventual accident costs

10. ETSI Methodology 10 User benefit and cost

11. ETSI Methodology 11 Costs for the society due to accidents and total failure Accidents are usually covered by the society and not by agencies like SRA or FinnRA

12. ETSI Methodology 12 LCC Life Cycle Costing LCC is a technique which enables comparative cost assessments to be made over a specified period of time, taking into account all relevant economic factors initial capital costs future operational and maintenance costs owner costs user costs society costs future disposal cost Used methodology is usually the present value of the total cost of this asset over its lifetime

13. ETSI Methodology 13 LCC scheme

14. ETSI Methodology 14 Definitions LCC owner or agency LCC = LCCA + LSC + LCCC LCCA = is the cost for acquisition of the project (design, construction…) by the net present value calculated to a specified time usually the opening of the bridge LSC = (Life Support Cost) is the cost for future operation, maintenance and repair of the bridge, by the net present value calculated to a specified time usually the opening of the bridge. LCCC = (Life Cycle Cost Consequence), is the future costs for eventual negative consequences, by the net present value calculated to a specified time, usually the opening of the bridge.

15. ETSI Methodology 15 LSC, the Life Support Cost LSC = CI + CN CI = is the investment in the necessary equipment and other resources for the future operation and maintenance CN is the future cost for operation, maintenance and repair, by the net present value calculated to a specified time, usually the opening of the bridge The investment part of the maintenance, CI, could be divided in parts

16. ETSI Methodology 16 CI = Investment for operation and maintenance CI = CI r + CI v + CI d + CI t CI r = spare parts and material CI v = instrument, tools, vehicles that is needed for inspection and maintenance CI d = documentation i.e. drawings and instruction manuals needed for inspection and maintenance CI t = education of personnel for operation and maintenance

17. ETSI Methodology 17 The costs are recalculated to one point in time usually the day of opening the bridge C t the sum of all costs incurred at time t, p the real interest rate or a rate taking into account changes in the benefit of the structure and t is the time period studied, typically for a structure for the infrastructure the expected life span.

18. ETSI Methodology 18 Interest rate p L interest rate for loans with long duration p i inflation p c increase of usefulness of the bridge i.e. increase of traffic

19. ETSI Methodology 19 Net present cost for a cost of value=1,0 year 0

20. ETSI Methodology 20 User cost delay L length of affected roadway v r the traffic speed during bridge work activity v n the normal traffic speed ADT t the average daily traffic, i.e. cars per day at time t N t the number of days of road work at time t r L the amount of commercial traffic w L is the hourly time value for commercial traffic w L the hourly time value for drivers T studied time interval T

21. ETSI Methodology 21 User costs, operation New notations: o L operating cost for the commercial traffic vehicles o G operating cost for transported goods o D operating cost for cars Ttime interval

22. ETSI Methodology 22 Societal costs, accidents and failure New notations: A n the normal accident rate per vehicle-kilometres A r the accident rate during roadwork C acc the cost for each accident for the society R j probability for a specified failure coupled to K H,j. K H,j cost for failure (One value for ultimate limit state and one for serviceability limit state) For normal bridges the probability of failure is so small that it could be omitted in the analysis!

23. ETSI Methodology 23 Valuation Degradation models Knowledge on interest rents (100 year!!) Knowledge about the future of the traffic system! (will the traffic increase or decrease??) Knowledge on costs for operation, maintenance, inspection and repair

24. ETSI Methodology 24 “Soft values” must also be included

25. ETSI Methodology 25 Environmental issues must also be included!

26. ETSI Methodology 26 Parameters needed for the LCC analysis Methodologies for dividing the bridge into different parts and giving measures of the components Costs for construction and repair different parts of the bridge Yearly operating costs Actions in time for MR&R actions Cost for disposal of the bridge User and societal costs

27. ETSI Methodology 27 Suggestion for bridge parts

28. ETSI Methodology 28 Bridge parts and measures

29. ETSI Methodology 29 Cross-section definitions

30. ETSI Methodology 30 Foundation

31. ETSI Methodology 31 Materials for LCC OBS, LCA requires added material definitions!

32. ETSI Methodology 32 Costs Cost parameters should be given by the agencies hopefully in data bases updated every year!? Costs for construction Cost for MR&R actions Parameters for calculating the user costs Societal costs …

33. ETSI Methodology 33 Definition of actions Management Operation Inspections Repair Upgrading Final demolition and disposal

34. ETSI Methodology 34 Operation Management is the owners own work for keeping the bridge inventory, the planning and other actions to manage the bridge stock. Usually this work can be assigned as percentage of the actual value to re-build the bridge stock. Operation is the yearly work to superficially and regularly inspect, clean, repair small damages of the bridges. The Swedish term is “Drift”

35. ETSI Methodology 35 Examples of operation (yearly) actions Examples of “operation maintenance actions”. In the Swedish system this is called “Egenskaper” or “properties”

36. ETSI Methodology 36 Time between different MR&R actions Needed parameters: Life span Yearly operation actions Time interval between inspections Time between maintenance and repair

37. ETSI Methodology 37 Methods for judging time between MR&R actions 1. Mechanistic or chemical models 2. Evaluation results from large field observations, 3. The up to day most applied method is to use experience from specialists, usually people deeply involved with inspection of bridges

38. ETSI Methodology38 LCC With everything in hand it is just to calculate the LCC for a bridge or maybe all bridges in a county or for a road network!!

39. ETSI Methodology39 GOOD LUCK! Trying and commenting our programs!