2. How to Create a Paradigm Shift

3. Snider-Pellegrini, 1858

4. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Continental Drift, 1912

5. Matthew Fontaine Maury, 1854

6. Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen, early 1950s USS Nautilus

7. Paleomagnetism, late 1950s

8. Seismology, 1920s - 1930s

9. Seismology, early 1960s Nuclear detonations since 1945

10. Plate Tectonics, late 1960s - early 1970s Paradigm Shift!!

11. TECTONIC PLATES

12. DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Rift Zone Mid-Ocean Ridge

13. DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Mid-Atlantic Ridge D. Hardin

14. Krafla, 1980 Thingvellir D. Hardin Hekla, 2000 Eyjafjallajökull, 2010 DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Mid-Atlantic Ridge Iceland Geysir (Strokkur) Blue Lagoon

15. D. Hardin

16. CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Continent

17. Mt. Everest D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Continent Himalayas

18. Mt. Blanc EigerMonchJungfrau D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Continent Alps

19. D. Hardin

20. Subduction Zone CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Oceanic crust Accretion/Crumple Zone

21. Mt. St. Helens Mt. Hood Three Sisters Mt. ShastaCrater Lake D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Oceanic crust Cascade Range Olympic RangeMt. Rainier Views from Seattle IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER! Palouse biome

22. D. Hardin

23. Subduction Zone CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Oceanic vs. Oceanic crust

24. Japanese Philippine Indonesian Aleutian D. Hardin Caribbean CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Oceanic vs. Oceanic crust Island arcs

25. D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Oceanic vs. Oceanic crust Island arcs Japan

26. D. Hardin

27. TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY D. Hardin

28. San Francisco Los Angeles TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY San Andreas Fault 1974 1993 Carrizo Plain Pacific Plate North American Plate D. Hardin Pacific Plate North American Plate Plate movement Pacific Plate North American Plate

29. TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY San Andreas Fault D. Hardin

30. TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY North Anatolian Fault

31. Izmit, Turkey earthquake November 12, 1999 Magnitude 7.2 D. Hardin TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY North Anatolian Fault

32. D. Hardin

33. HOT SPOT

34. Kauai Oahu Molokai Maui Hawaii Loihi seamount 4.5-5.6 million YBP 3.0-4.0 million YBP 2.7-3.3 million YBP 2.2-2.5 million YBP 1.8 million YBP 1.2-1.3 million YBP 0.4-0.8 million YBP 0.2-0.7 million YBP Plate movement Recent volcanism Active volcano N D. Hardin HOT SPOT Hawaiian Islands

35. D. Hardin Previous map area 1,577 miles or Farmville, VA to Albuquerque, NM Kure Atoll Midway Atoll 28 million YBP HOT SPOT Hawaiian Island Chain

36. HOT SPOT Yellowstone Caldera Chain Idaho Wyoming Utah Nevada Montana Oregon Yellowstone geothermal features Craters of the Moon D. Hardin Plate movement

37. D. Hardin

38. RIFT ZONE Great Rift Valley D. Hardin

39. RIFT ZONE Great Rift Valley Human evolution D. Hardin

41. NEXT: AGENTS OF EROSION

42. D. Hardin