1. Natural Resources
Chapter 7

2. Minerals
Environment: all resources, influences, and conditions near Earth’s surface
Renewable resource: can be replaced in nature at a rate close to the rate used
Nonrenewable resource: fixed amount; used faster that can be replaced in nature
93% of world’s energy = nonrenewable

5. Which of the following is most likely made from a nonrenewable resource?
A. bread
B. gasoline
C. oxygen
D. lumber

6. What percent of the world’s energy comes from nonrenewable energy resources?
A. 100 percent
B. 93 percent
C. 75 percent
D. 7 percent

7. Earth’s Minerals Elements can be nonmetal/metal
Important metallic elements in minerals
Ore mineral: valuable mineral; contains metallic element
Gangue: rest of the rock
Other valuable minerals not found in ore (nonmetallic)
Sand, gravel, rock salt, talc, graphite, etc

8. Supply & Demand Like a store Minerals work the same
Want to supply products to meet the needs of shoppers
Minerals work the same
Problem = natural ability to replace used minerals
Reserve: deposits of a mineral in ores that are worth mining
Difficult to determine where they exist b/c the world hasn’t been explored for all minerals

9. Minerals are non-renewable
Knowing size of the reserve + rate at which it is being used  determine how long it will last
Use continues reserves in the US will be used up within the next 60 years
Why are these resources important?
Iron  steel  skyscrapers, buildings, tunnels
Copper  electrical wiring and makes brass
Zinc  protects from rust
Aluminum  cans, cookware, bicycle frames
Lead  car batteries, shields around radioactive material
Must plan for when the resources will not be around
Decrease in demand = longer availability, but will eventually be gone

10. A mineral reserve refers to
A. the rate at which the mineral is used
B. the cost of mining the mineral
C. the equipment needed to find the mineral
D. the known deposits of the mineral that are
worth mining

11. Although the mining process can be difficult and expensive, metal mineral reserves are mined because
A. metals are easily located
B. there is little demands for metals
C. metals are useful and there is a great
demand for them
D. metals cannot be imported

12. Energy Resources Nonrenewable Energy Fossil fuel Fossil fuels Uranium
Formed from the remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago
Coal, petroleum, natural gas
Burning = release of energy
Used much faster than they are forming
Coal used in power plants to generate electricity

14. Fossil fuels (cont.) Petroleum (i.e. oil)  liquid
Recovered by drilling
Slow chemical changes in organic matter
Compacted & oil/gas forced into pores of sandstone/limestone (usually in shale)
Oil trap keeps oil/gas from escaping
Natural gas = mix of methane & other hydrocarbon gases
Found w/petroleum, helps bring petroleum to the surface
Can be found in pockets alone
Other fossil fuels = oil shales, tar sands

16. Uranium
Nucleus (nuclei): center of an atom; contains protons (positive part of an atom) & neutrons (neutral part of an atom)
Fusion: combining of the nuclei of lighter elements to form a heavier element
Fission: splitting of atoms
Atomic fusion reaction: atoms of uranium are hit with neutrons
Releases energy
New neutrons cause fission of other nuclei
Happens in a nuclear power plant
Recovered from black mineral – uraninite

18. A fossil fuel that is sometimes obtained from shale is
A. uranium
B. peat
C. anthracite
D. oil

19. The main use of coal in the US today is
A. home heating
B. electricity generation
C. steel production
D. petroleum refining

20. A fuel commonly found with oil is
A. lignite
B. natural gas
C. gasoline
D. uranium

21. Fossil fuels include all of the following except
A. coal
B. petroleum
C. natural gas
D. nuclear energy

22. Renewable Resources Water Produces electricity: hydroelectric power
Most efficient
Water directly turns turbines
E from coal/uranium must convert water to steam first, which turns a turbine as well
Tides generate electricity
Drops from high to low tide, turns turbine

23. Wind Wind power: force of moving air Captured in a windmill
Creates electricity  amount
depends on:
Speed of wind
Length of the windmill blades
Efficiency of the windmill
Windmill farm: provides electricity to large areas; contains several hundred windmills
CA  more efficient windmills have kept the amount of E generated the same, while the # of farms decreased

24. The sun Solar power: energy from the sun Solar cells: convert light
Passive: collects and stores solar energy
Ex: a special window collects energy & doesn’t let heat escape
Active: has 3 parts
Solar collector facing:
absorbs heat
Storage area: gets heat from
the collector and stores it
until needed
Distributor: distributes heat
throughout the building
Solar cells: convert light
into electricity

25. Geothermal Energy Heat from Earth’s interior
Steam that naturally rises
Drilled & controlled like oil wells
Converted into electrical energy when steam/hot water piped through a power plant & run through a generator
High where there is high volcanic activity
CA the Geysers = largest source of geothermal energy in the world

26. All of the following methods of generating electricity involve a turbine except
A. burning coal
B. nuclear fission
C. solar cells
D. water power

27. Hydroelectric power generates electricity with
A. water
B. moving electrons
C. moving air
D. hot bedrock

28. The amount of power produced by a windmill depends on all of the following except
A. the speed of the wind
B. the length of the windmills’ blades
C. the energy needs of consumers
D. the efficiency of the windmill

29. Which of the following is not a method of conserving nonrenewable resources?
A. recycling materials
B. developing substitute materials
C. discovering new deposits of
nonrenewable materials
D. reducing waste

30. The energy source that depends on Earth’s internal heat is
A. water power
B. geothermal energy
C. fossil fuels
D. uranium

31. Which energy source can be renewed by falling rain?
A. hydroelectric power
B. wind power
C. geothermal power
D. solar power

32. California Geology

33. Geology of California
California has formed over the last billion years of Earth's history
Oldest rocks exposed in CA are in the Death Valley & Mojave Desert regions
represent ancient oceanic crust & marine platform sediments that accumulated in the oceans of CA

34. Death Valley

35. Death Valley

36. Driving into Death Valley

37. Forces that shaped the earth in the past are still occurring today, as best demonstrated by California's
Earthquakes
Volcanic eruptions
Landslides
Floods
Other natural events

39. Resources
Power sources in CA:

40. Oil is found in 18 of the 58 counties in CA
Kern County (Bakersfield) = one of the largest oil production places in the country
We only get 1/2 of our oil from CA wells
Solar power plants in CA's Mojave Desert
use a highly curved mirror = a parabolic trough
Focuses sunlight on a pipe running down a central point above the curve of the mirror
The pipe so hot that it can boil water into steam
The steam is used to turn a turbine = electricity

41. Problem = it works only when the sun is shining
Huge rows of solar mirrors = "solar thermal power plants"
Makes electricity for more than 350,000 homes.
Problem = it works only when the sun is shining
On cloudy days & at night, the power plants can't create energy
Some plants are a "hybrid" technology
During the daytime they use the sun
At night & on cloudy days they burn natural gas to boil the water so they can continue to make electricity

42. Geothermal energy = 6% of CA electrical needs
From plate tectonic spreading, or rifting
Use the geothermally heated hot water in
Swimming pools
Health spas
Warm buildings for growing plants, like in the green house
Used to heat buildings during the winter (San Bernardino, in Southern CA)
Hot water runs through miles of insulated pipes to dozens of public buildings
City Hall, animal shelters, retirement homes, state agencies, a hotel and convention center

43. There are 14 areas in CA where we use geothermal energy to make electricity
Some are not used yet b/c the resource is too small, too isolated or the water temperatures are not hot enough to make electricity
Main spots:
The Geysers area north of San Francisco
NW corner of the state near Lassen Volcanic National Park
Mammoth Lakes area - the site of a huge ancient volcano
Coso Hot Springs area in Inyo County
Imperial Valley in Southern California

44. CA's existing nuclear power plants provide a significant amount of CA's non-fossil fuel based energy and power
But there is a significant amounts of spent nuclear fuel

45. In addition to power … California Central Valley
Full of sediments = major agricultural area
Caused from faults that occurred as the Sierra Nevada rose and eroded

46. Agriculture = Need for Water
Economy = industry & agriculture = need for a lot of water
Most water is from rain & snow in the mountains
Yet in Eastern CA  water from the Colorado River
As you travel further north = more precipitation (rainfall)

47. Water and Geography
California is a state of different climates, which causes water supply to vary widely
Depends on runoff from the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range
Floods and droughts can occur in the same year

48. Precipitation amounts can vary from less than an inch in CA’s Death Valley desert to about 56 inches along the North Coast
Precipitation
Captured & stored in reservoirs
It can recharge groundwater basins
These underground aquifers can hold 6-10 times the amount of surface water reservoir
Many are over-pumped & some are contaminated by toxins
Other aquifers are too deep to reach economically

49. Agriculture is Important to the Economy
1 out of every 6 jobs in CA is tied to agriculture in some way
CA has the largest agricultural economy in the nation
1/2 of the nation’s fruits, nuts, and vegetables are grown here
Fresno is the most productive county in the nation, with an agricultural worth of 3.5 billion dollars in 2000
Some crops use great quantities of water
EX: a hamburger patty = more than 1,300 gallons

50. Water Projects & State’s Economy
Water development has three primary goals
flood control
water storage
hydroelectric power generation
CA is home to four massive water projects, plus numerous local projects
The Los Angeles Aqueduct brings water from the Owens Valley south to Los Angeles
The Colorado River Aqueduct brings water from the Colorado River to Southern California for urban uses

51. the Imperial Irrigation District operates the Imperial Dam and All-American Canal, which supply water for irrigation in the Imperial Valley.
The State Water Project brings water from the San Francisco Bay Delta & delivers it to farmers in the Central Valley, as well as providing water for urban uses in Southern CA
All water projects and rivers
in CA 

52. Local Water Projects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

53. Mineral Resources Sierra Nevada Gold formation
Minerals are deposited in the veins of quartz by a hydrothermal (of or relating to hot water) solution

54. Natural Hazards Earthquakes cause
Tsunami (:large wave caused from an underwater earthquake)
Could happen in CA if an earthquake occurred along the Pacific Rim
Primary concern when living on the coast
Landslides
Where there is weak underlying rock/sediments
Can occur in any state
Causes=
Severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, & wildfires
Most likely place for earthquake = San Andres fault

55. Photo of the 2005 La Conchita Landslide.

56. Volcanoes Erosion 6 active volcanoes in CA Next slide has pictures
Creates coastal cliffs
Caused by waves striking the base of these cliffs

57. Mount Shasta

58. People living along the coast of CA are primarily concerned with which natural disaster?
A. tsunamis
B. forest fires
C. earthquakes
D. volcanic eruptions

59. Which two power sources provides the greatest amount of electric power for CA?
A. nuclear and geothermal
B. natural gas and coal
C. natural gas and hydroelectric
D. coal and nuclear

60. Which of the following describes the formation of gold deposits in the Sierra Nevada?
A. heat and pressure exerted on a coarse-grained
metamorphic rock
B. heat and pressure compacted carbonized
material
C. mineral deposited by hydrothermal solutions in
quartz veins
D. highly viscous magma cooled quickly at Earth’s
surface

61. What might cause a tsunami to strike the coast of CA?
A. volcanic activity with CA
B. any earthquake along the Pacific Rim
C. high tides along the Pacific Rim
D. an earthquake in the Sierra Nevada

62. Hazard Maps Hazard Maps Many types
Earthquake hazard maps most widely used in CA
Show fault lines
Show number of earthquakes that have occurred in a certain time frame
Help in predicting where an earthquake will occur

63. California Division of Mines and Geology
Seismic belt: chances of an earthquake happening in this area are greater than anywhere else
California Division of Mines and Geology
Play an important role in providing earthquake information
Good resource if you are considering building in CA

64. Which is the major source of water for eastern California?
A. the Pacific Ocean
B. the Colorado River
C. groundwater
D. snowmelt

65. Geologic hazard map helps people
A. locate water resources
B. identify evidence of past geologic events
C. predict future geologic events
D. predict the future and learn about the past

66. Why is water more important in CA than in other states?
A. CA has less water than any other state
B. CA’s water is polluted by the Pacific Ocean
C. More people live in CA than in any other state
D. CA economy relies on industry/agriculture, which requires more water

67. What is the source of most of CA’s water?
A. coastal rain from the Pacific Ocean winds
B. underground aquifers throughout the state
C. rain and snow in mountain watersheds
D. canals running from the Colorado River