1. Slide 1 Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Observations and Applications Operated by the Natural Resources Conservation Service Garry L. Schaefer, WCM Branch Leader, NWCC Deborah S. Harms, Soil Scientist, NSSC March 3-5, 2009 Oak Ridge, TN

2. Slide 2 Soil Moisture Monitoring SCAN –Soil Climate Analysis Network –Monitors lower elevation areas for climate parameters and soil moisture monitoring nationwide SNOTEL –SNOw pack TELmetry –Monitors high elevation areas for snow water content, climate parameters, and soil moisture in the Western United States

3. Slide 3 Drought Vulnerable Soil Landscapes

4. Slide 4 SCAN –Started as a Soil Moisture/Soil Temperature Pilot Project between the National Water and Climate Center and the National Soil Survey Center in 1991 with 21 stations in 19 states –If funding becomes available, full implementation of SCAN would have at least 1,000 new stations and integrate 1,000 existing partner-based stations Goal will be to have new stations located on Benchmark soil series –Utilizes meteor burst, line-of-sight, or GOES satellite communication technology to transmit remote station data

5. Slide 5 SCAN Currently the network has 151 stations in 39 States Provides hourly data with –Precipitation –Air temperature –Relative humidity –Solar radiation –Wind speed and direction –Barometric pressure –Soil moisture and soil temperature 2, 4, 8, 20, and 40 inches

6. Slide 6 Other SCAN Data Parameters Snow water content Snow depth Net radiation Redox Additional soil moisture and soil temperature measurements Water level Surface temperature Water quality parameters

7. Slide 7

8. Slide 8 Soil Moisture/ Precipitation

9. Slide 9 SCAN Data All SCAN stations have full soil characterizations complete and available on the web All historic and real-time SCAN data are available on the web –http:www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/scan Special Reports –Special “Spreadsheet” compatible reports can be created

10. Slide 10 SCAN Future FY 2009 33 new SCAN stations will be added. –16 Utah –4 New Mexico –10 Alabama –1 Idaho –1 Nevada –1 California NRCS is looking at purchase of CONUS Meteor Burst Master Stations for full U.S. Coverage NRCS is looking how to fund SCAN Collaborating on development of spatial soil moisture modeling

11. Slide 11 SCAN Cooperators Current partners include: –U.S.D.A.- Agricultural Research Service –Mississippi State University and Extension Service –Alabama A&M University –University of Arkansas - Pine Bluff –University of Missouri –Iowa State University –High Plains Regional Climate Center –U.S.D.A.- World Agricultural Outlook Board –U.S.D.A.- Forest Service –U.S.D.A.-Natural Resources Conservation Service –The Nature Conservancy –Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation –University of Alaska –SE Regional Climate Center –Others

12. Slide 12 SNOTEL Network Large Automated Climate Network –Began in 1978 –Over 754 remote stations –Generally in high elevation areas –Located in the 12 Western States and Alaska –Utilizes meteor burst communication technology to transmit data

13. Slide 13 SNOTEL Network Large Automated Climate Network –Began in 1978 –765 remote stations –Generally in high elevation areas –Located in the 12 Western States including Alaska –Utilizes meteor burst communication technology to transmit data

14. Slide 14 SNOTEL Parameters Typical Sensor Array –Snow water content –All season precipitation –Air temperature (maximum, minimum, and average) –Snow depth –Soil moisture and soil temperature at 35% of network

15. Slide 15 SNOTEL Parameters Additional Sensors at Enhanced SNOTEL Stations –Solar radiation –Relative humidity –Wind speed and direction –Other sensors based upon customer requests

16. Slide 16 Typical SNOTEL Station

17. Slide 17 Siting Criteria All stations should be located on federal, state, county, or university lands. This will ensure long-term use of the land for monitoring purposes. All stations should be located in non-irrigated areas. First consideration be given to “Benchmark” soils. Consideration must be given to ensure that all Major Land Resource Area’s are represented in a given climatic region. The station must represent an agricultural area. Pasture, range, timber, and cropped areas must be considered first. When selecting a suitable location, some consideration of station security must be included. The first stations to be installed should be located in areas that are susceptible to drought.

18. Slide 18 Soil Moisture/Soil Temperature Measurement NRCS uses a capacitance type of sensor. Steven Water “Hydro Probe” SDI-12 is currently used Installed at specific depths Full soil description and characterization analysis are done at each location Description and characterization data available to users from the Web

19. Slide 19 Soil Description

20. Slide 20 Sensor Placement and Layout The deepest sensor is installed first 40 inch installed vertically Hole is kept to a small size to minimize water transport

21. Slide 21 Sensor Placement and Layout Sensors are placed horizontally at all other depths Sensors are dispersed around the small hole to minimize interference Compact the soil as each sensor is installed making sure the sensor is inserted completely into undisturbed soil

22. Slide 22 Sensor Placement and Layout Sensor wires are moved to opposite side of hole and form a drip-loop Flex-conduit is used to protect sensor wires

23. Slide 23 Data Uses for SCAN and SNOTEL Climate monitoring Water supply forecasting Drought assessment and mitigation Drought triggers Precision agriculture Soil survey interruption and mapping Crop production forecasts Range production and condition Disease and Pest prediction/mitigation Provide data for NWS and other agencies for flood forecasting and reservoir management Climate change assessment Water quality monitoring Air quality monitoring Underground utility lines

24. Slide 24 Summary SCAN and SNOTEL have a high benefit/cost ratio Provide a minimum of daily up to hourly data Expandable to meet demands Designed to be a cooperative program Requires maintenance to ensure data quality Diverse utility of the data Data are easily retrievable from the web page at http://www/wcc.nrcs.usda.gov Developing better tools to provide user with spatial soil moisture modeling –Agreement with Oregon State University and Alabama A&M University to develop a spatial soil moisture model which integrates point soil moisture data with soils data to produce a soil moisture map

25. Slide 25 Contacts Garry L. Schaefer, NRCS Water & Climate Monitoring Branch Leader 1201 NE Lloyd Blvd., Suite 802 Portland, OR 97232 Phone: 503-414-3068 Fax: 503-414-3101 Email: garry.schaefer@por.usda.gov garry.schaefer@por.usda.gov Deborah S. Harms, NRCS Soil Scientist Federal Building 100 Centennial Mall North Lincoln, NE 68508 Phone: 402-437-5324 Email: deb.harms@lin.usda.gov deb.harms@lin.usda.gov