2.  HC providers must provide care to many different types of patients  No two patients are alike  HC providers must be aware of and respect the individuality of each patient

3.  Physical characteristics  Family life  Socioeconomic status  Religious beliefs  Geographical location  Education  Occupation  Life experiences

4.  Defined as values, beliefs, attitudes, languages, symbols, rituals, behaviors, and customs unique to a particular group of people and passed from one generation to the next  Set of rules about things like family relations, child rearing, education, occupational choice, social interactions, spirituality, religious beliefs, food preferences, health beliefs, and HC

5.  1. Culture is learned**  2. Culture is shared  3. Culture is social in nature  4. Culture is dynamic and constantly changing

6.  Defined as a classification of people based on national origin and/or culture  Members of an ethnic group may share common heritage, geographical location, social customs, language, and beliefs

7.  1. African American  2. Asian American  3. European American  4. Hispanic American  5. Middle Eastern/Arab Americans  6. Native Americans (Indians and Eskimos)***

8.  Classification of people based on the physical characteristics (color or hair, skin, and eyes) › There are different races present in most ethnic groups.  Ex. There are black and white African Americans.

9.  This is the differences in culture, ethnicity, and racial factors among people  In previous times the United States used to be called the “melting pot” to represent the absorption of many cultures in the dominant culture. › This is called cultural assimilation when people come from other countries and adapt to the American way of doing things

10.  In reality the U.S. is more like a salad bowl now where cultural differences are appreciated and respected  Acculturation = the process of learning the beliefs and behaviors of a dominant culture and assuming some of the characteristics › This process occurs slowly over time › Recent immigrants to the U.S. are more likely to follow patterns of their native land than their children and grandchildren who have lived here longer

11.  The ability to recognize and appreciate the personal characteristics of others is essential in health care › Ex. In some cultures, called an adult by their first name is not acceptable except for close friends/relatives. Sensitive HC workers will address patients by Mr./Mrs. and their last name

12.  A bias is a preference that prevents impartial judgment › Example: Individuals that believe in the supremacy of their own ethnic group ( ethnocentric ). These people believe that their cultural values are better than the cultural values of others

13.  Age › Younger people are more physically and mentally superior to older people  Education › College educated people are superior to uneducated people  Economic › Rich people are superior to poor people  Physical › Obese and short people are inferior to slender and taller people  Occupation › Nurses are inferior to doctors  Sexual preference › Homosexuals are inferior to heterosexuals  Gender › Women are inferior to men

14.  Prejudice means to pre-judge.  It is a strong feeling/belief about a person/subject that is formed without reviewing facts/information  This causes fear and distrust and interferes with interpersonal relationships  Everyone is prejudiced to a certain degree!

15.  Stereotyping occurs when an assumption is made that everyone in a particular group is the same  Labels individuals  Example = “All blondes are dumb.”

16.  These are all barriers to effective communication and relationships with patients  HC providers must be alert to these barriers and make every effort to avoid them

17.  Know and be consciously aware of your own personal and professional values and beliefs  Obtain as much information as possible about different ethnic/cultural groups  Be sensitive to behaviors and practices different from your own  Remember you are not be pressured to adopt your patients’ beliefs, but you must respect them

18.  Develop friendships with a wide variety of people  Ask questions about your patients’ beliefs/culture  Evaluate all information before you form an opinion  Be open to differences  Avoid jokes that may offend  Remember mistakes happen, apologize if you hurt someone’s feelings, and forgive if someone hurts your feelings

19.  HC providers must be aware of cultural diversity to provide holistic care (well- being of the whole person) to their patients

20.  This is the structure of a family and the dominant or decision-making person in the family  Families vary in their composition and in the roles assumed by family members

21.  1. Nuclear family › Usually consists of a mother, father, and children (single-parent and children) › Common type for European American families  2. Extended family › Usually includes nuclear family plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins › Common type for Asian, Hispanic, and Native American families

22.  In these families the father or oldest male is the authority figure and makes the decisions for the family  So, this is the person who would make the health care decisions as well  Women are expected to be obedient

23.  In these families the mother or oldest female is the authority figure and makes the decisions for the family

24.  Dominant language used in United States is English  However, 20% of population under 65 years of age speaks another language  A health care provider must determine the patient’s ability to communicate by talking with pateint/relative and asking questions

25.  Do you speak English as your first language?  What language is spoken at home?  Do you read English?  Do you have a family member/friend that can interpret for you?

26.  Find a translator when possible  Speak slowly and use simple words  Use gestures/pictures to clarify meaning of words  Use nonverbal communication (smile or gentle touch) when appropriate  Avoid tendency to speak louder  Try to learn some words/phrases in their language

27.  Personal space = territorial space  This describes the distance people require to feel comfortable while interacting with others  This varies among different ethnic groups  Close contact groups: comfortable standing very close to and even touching  Distant contact groups

28.  HC providers have to invade a patient’s personal space at times to do certain skills (ex. Taking vital signs, baths, etc.)  HC providers should always be alert to patients verbals and non-verbals  HC providers should use a slow, relaxed approach and explain the procedure

29.  European Americans regard eye contact during conversation as a sign of interest and trustworthiness  Asian Americans consider direct eye contact to be rude  The many beliefs regarding eye contact can lead to misunderstandings when people of different cultures interact

30.  Shaking head “yes” or “no”  In India, it is the complete opposite  Pointing at someone with a finger represents a strong threat by Asian and Native Americans

31.  The “Western” system is the most common HC system in the U.S.  This system is based on the cause of disease being microorganisms, diseased cells, and the process of aging  When the cause is determined, HC is directed toward eliminating microorganisms, conquering disease process, and/or preventing the aging process  HC providers in the U.S. are trained and licensed to practice

32.  Encouraging patients to learn as much as possible about their illness  Informing patients about terminal illnesses  Teaching self-care  Using medications and technology to cure or decrease effects of disease/illness  Teaching preventative care

33.  Look in book on page 142-143  Make your own table with six rows down and five columns down  I will help you condense chart in book

34.  Nutritional methods › Organic foods, herbs, vitamins  Mind and body control › Relaxation, meditation, biofeedback › Hypnotherapy, imagery  Energetic touch therapy › Massage, acupuncture  Body-movement methods › Chiropractic, yoga, tai chi  Spiritual methods › Faith healing, prayer, and spiritual counseling

35.  All individuals have the right to choose the type of HC system and method of treatment that they feel is best for them  HC providers must respect this, even if they do not agree

36.  The beliefs individuals have about themselves, their connections with others, and their relationship with a higher power  Individual’s need to find meaning and purpose in life  Organized system of belief in a superhuman power  Form of worship  Ex. Going to church

37.  Pg 145-148

38.  Someone who does not believe in a higher power

39.  A person who believes that the existence of a higher power can not be proven or disproven