1. NOTES: ‘Science Teachers for Climate Awareness’  This ppt is designed for use of science teachers in talking about low emission energy resources and other greenhouse mitigation methods.  We suggest adapting this ppt to your own liking or combining with others.  For suggestions for improvements please contact KB at  PLEASE NOTE: This will never be a ‘complete’ presentation but is provided for ideas and feedback. It will be updated as time allows!  Be sure to look at the ‘notes’ pages below for suggestions for how to use and more detail.  This AIP web version 21 Sep 2010  THIS IS PART 1 OF THIS PRESENTATION – THIS PART CONTAINS THE MORE IMPORTANT SECTIONS AND COULD BE USED ALONE.

2. Climate Change: We CAN reduce the CO 2 and other greenhouse gases in our atmosphere to safer levels

3. But first the bad news

5. Why?

7. What are the problems?  Emission of greenhouse gases from  Generation of electric power  Transport  Industry  Home and Commerce  Land use and Agricultural emissions  Greenhouse gases come mostly from using fossil fuels, but also from sources such as agriculture

8. What are the problems?  We have to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels: Total fossil: (in 2006) 410,000 PJ Total non fossil: 70,000 PJ ie. 15 % X

9. What are the problems?  Australia is even worse!  ABARE: past use and future projections  We use about 6,000 of those 410,000 PJ ie. 1½ % We are here! (But our population is ~ 0.3%) OilGas Brown Coal Black coal Renewables ~6%

10. Energy units  A quick word on energy units:  The basic unit of energy is the joule (J)  It is about the energy of a falling apple  1 Megajoule (MJ) is 10 6 J  1 Gigajoule (GJ) is 10 9 J  1 Terajoule (TJ) is 10 12 J  1 Petajoule (PJ) is 10 15 J MGTP My Goodness That’s Plenty

11. ‘Energy’ & ‘Power’  ENERGY is a total quantity  Examples:  Fuel tank of a car – approx 2 GJ  Coal in Latrobe Valley – approx 300,000 PJ  POWER is the rate of energy use  1 watt = 1 joule per second (W = J/s)  Examples:  Light bulb: 15 watts = 15 joules every second  Car: 100 kW = 100 kJ/sec (or 2 GJ in 5½ hours) *?  Power station 2000 MW = 2000 MJ every second = 173,000 GJ each day = 173,000 GJ each day = 63 PJ per year = 63 PJ per year

12. Energy units ExamplesApple fallingFood/dayCar petrol tankJumbo jet fuelLarge City/day Units Torch bulb in a few secondsRadiator in ¼ hr Power station each second Power station in 1½ hours Power station in a week joule (J) 1 J 10,000,000 J2,000,000,000 J 10,000,000,000,000 J1000,000,000,000,000 J Megajoule (MJ) 10^6 J (10 6 ) 0.000001 MJ 10 MJ 2,000 MJ10,000,000 MJ1000,000,000 MJ Gigajoule (GJ) 10^9 J (10 9 ) 0.000000001 GJ0.01 GJ 2 GJ 10,000 GJ 1000,000 GJ Petajoule (PJ) 10^15 J (10 15 ) 0.000000000000001 PJ 0.00000001 PJ0.000002 PJ 0.01 PJ 1 PJ

13. Energy units  Electrical energy is measured in kilowatt.hours (that is, a 1000 W appliance for 1 hour)  1 kWh = 3.6 MJ (Megajoule)  Hazelwood produces about 1600 Megawatts which means 1600 MWh each hour or ~ 6,000,000 MJ which is 0.006 PJ each hour or 50 PJ each year

14. And 17,000,000 tonnes of CO 2 (30 tonnes every minute) (= CO 2 from 200 car petrol tanks)

15. Energy units  Fossil fuels are sometimes measured in ‘Quads’, a quadrillion BTU (British Thermal Units)  1 Quad = 1055 PJ (≈ 1000 PJ)  A Quad is huge!  Total world fossil fuel use per year is about 400 Quad  We will try to use PJ as far as possible Quads

16.  Most electricity is produced from fossil fuels: This must NOT be allowed to happen! What are the problems? Fossil fuels PS: 20 trillion kWh = 72,000 PJ (per year)

17. What are the problems?  Again – we are worse! Mostly hydro! X! Wind, Solar and Biomass currently about 1% 94%

18. The solutions !

19. November 2009 That’s ALL the WORLD’s energy

20. November 2009 NOT including: CCS,Nuclear, Other ‘exotic’ sources The ‘WWS’ solution: Wind Water Solar

21. HUGE RESOURCES AVAILABLE AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY COST EFFECTIVE POLITICS BIGGEST OBSTACLE

22. Tidal Geothermal Hydro Wind Wave Solar Roof PV Concentrated PV Power READILY AVAILABLE 580 TW NEEDED 11.5 TW 9% 51% 40% 85%

24. NB: Australian coal is cheaper than US power. The REAL problem! Vested interests and confusion/apathy among ‘ordinary people’ – leading to lack of political will.

25. Australian Solutions!  The big picture:  Solar and Wind  supplemented by  Hydro  Geothermal  Ocean (tidal and wave)  and perhaps ?  Gas  Nuclear (?)  Coal with CCS (??)

26. Australian Solutions - solar!

27.  The yellow square is about 125 km square  Ample for ALL of Australia’s energy. (At only 10% collection efficiency) 35 PJ per day That is about 250 Hazelwoods!

28. Australian Solutions - wind!  “A network of land-based 2.5 MW turbines … operating at as little as 20% of their rated capacity could supply over 40 times current worldwide consumption of electricity” Global potential for wind-generated electricity: Xi Lua, Michael B. McElroya, and Juha Kiviluomac Australia’s 86 PWh = 310,000 PJ (per year) Current total energy use is 6,000 PJ Annual Global potential for wind-generated electricity Lua, McElroy, Kiviluomac, Harvard & Finland, April09

29. The Solutions! – World wind power Australia 2008 approx 1,500 MW (14 th place) NB: 2.862 means 2,862

30. Australian Solutions!  Introducing: Beyond Zero Emissions (BZE) Five phase study to achieve zero emissions by 2020:  Stationary Energy* (mostly electricity generation)  Transport  Industrial processes and export  Buildings  Land Use (including agriculture & forestry) * Stationary energy report available now at www.beyondzeroemissions.org (free) or buy today!

31. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Zero Carbon Australia 2020 A plan for repowering Australia with 100% renewable energy in ten years

32. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Key Questions: Who are Beyond Zero Emissions? Zero Carbon Australia Plan What are we calling for and why? – 100% renewable energy by 2020 How can we get there? – Wind and Baseload Solar Thermal Can it be done? – Yes. Fully modelled and costed, using existing commercial technologies

33. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Oil and Gas Coal exporters Generators The CAN'T DO campaign The CAN'T DO MANTRA “Renewable energy cant supply baseload power” “Renewable energy is too expensive” “Renewable energy will wreck the economy” “Renewable energy will cost jobs”

34. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g The ZCA 2020 ‘CAN DO’ team

35. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g "This report will help shift the climate debate to focus on energy; security; affordability; export and of course opportunity” Professor Robin Batterham, President, Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, formerly Chief Scientist of Australia “We have the resources. We need the will.” Dr. Peter Doherty, Nobel Laureate, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne "Australia has one of the world's best solar energy resource,... The Zero Carbon Australia Plan is based on up- to-date and sound information and provides quality insights on how a country well-endowed in renewable resources can transition to a solar and wind economy.” Cédric Philibert Renewable Energy Division International Energy Agency

36. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g The CAN DO Campaign Accepts current climate science evidence on what has to be done & by when Uses only existing commercially available technology. We have all the tools NOW Meets Australia’s total energy demand with 100% Renewable Energy by 2020

37. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r gWhy? www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state- of-the-climate/ July 2010

38. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r gWhy? www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

39. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r gWhy? www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

40. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r gWhy? July 2010 www.ncdc.noaa.gov/bams-state-of-the-climate/

41. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r gWhy?www.science.org.au

42. Why?

43. FIVE REPORTS: Stationary energy Transport Industry Buildings Agriculture

44. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Carbon Budget 2010-2050 Why ten years? Meinshausen, et al. (2009): Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 o C. Nature 458, 30 April 2009 SEE ALSO www.PRIMAP.org “Limiting CO 2 emissions to 1 trillion tonnes* by 2050 gives us a 75% chance of keeping global warming below 2 o C” * 2000 - 2050

45. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Why ten years? Carbon Budget 2010-2050

46. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Mark Jacobson, Mark Delucchi: Shifting the world to 100% clean, renewable energy by 2030 The cost of generating and transmitting power would be less than the projected cost per kilowatt-hour for fossil-fuel and nuclear power. 4 million large wind turbines, 90,000 solar plants, numerous geothermal, tidal and rooftop PV installations worldwide. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN November 2009 Why ten years?

47. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Al Gore calls for 100% clean electricity and independence from foreign oil within ten years “a political promise to do something 40 years from now is universally ignored because everyone knows that it's meaningless. Ten years is about the maximum time that we as a nation can hold a steady aim and hit our target.” Why ten years?

48. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Thomas Friedman: Three reasons for going renewable - 1.End dependence on, and financing of, the “dictators and terrorists in the Middle East” 2.‘Peak oil’ will mean higher prices, yet more political tension. If we divide the total of the world’s oil reserves by the rate at which WE are using them we get about 12 years (7 for USA use) 3.Oh – and to save us from a climate catastrophe! Why ten years?

49. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Traditional Power Generation Generating electrical energy

50. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Generating electrical energy 67% Fossil 92%

51. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Concentrated Solar Thermal Parabolic TroughsPower Towers Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

52. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g (52 Kilowatts) Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

53. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g SEGS Plants 354MW in Mohave Desert, California, since 1984

54. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Generating electrical energy – from the Sun 290 o C 600 o C

55. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Solar Two – 1996 - 1999 Run by the U.S. DoE, Sandia National Laboratories, Lockheed Martin 10MW turbine, 3 hrs storage

56. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Baseload Solar Thermal Power Andasol 1,2, Extresol 1, SAMCA 1, Spain, operating now, 7.5 hours energy storage Torresol Gemasolar Spain, on line 2010, 15 hours energy storage 24 hour Dispatchable Power Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

57. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Solar Thermal Storage Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

58. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g What's happening in Spain? 2,440MW operating or under construction to be completed over the next 3 years $20 billion worth of investment 15,000 MW 'in the pipeline' Generating electrical energy – from the Sun 42% renewable by 2020

59. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g 50MW – Spain 100MW – Nevada 150MW – California Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

60. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g To Supply 60% of Australia’s energy Each module generates 220MW Ability to store energy and dispatch as needed, day or night A plant or Solar Region will be made up of 19 modules and will have a total capacity of 3,500MW There will be 12 plants distributed across Australia Zero Carbon Australia Solar Thermal Power 220 MW Module3500 MW Solar Region Generating electrical energy – from the Sun

61. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g ZCA2020 Wind Power And the other 40%? Generating electrical energy – from wind

62. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g ZCA2020 Wind Power 40% of Australia’s Energy 6,400 turbines 7.5 MW Enercon E126 (48,000 MW) 23 geographically diverse regions Generating electrical energy – from wind

63. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Generating electrical energy – from wind World Wind Energy Association 2010

64. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g World Wind Power project growth China 150,000 MW wind by 2020 o Three Gorges of Wind Project Denmark: 20% now (3,500 MW) o 50 % wind by 2025 Sweden 4,000 MW Enercon Farm 1100 Turbines Generating electrical energy – from wind

65. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Energy Efficiency Opportunities Using less electrical energy

66. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Using less electrical energy

67. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Nissan Patrol Capacity 5 17 litres per 100km How Easy is Energy Efficiency in Transport? Siemens Combino tram Capacity 190 16 litres per 100km (Oil Energy Equiv)‏ Using less electrical energy

68. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Electricity and Energy Demand Using less electrical energy Oil Gas Bioenergy Electricity Solar PV & HW

69. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g 60% 40% Renewable electrical energy

70. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g “The review finds that the transmission scenario proposed is technically feasible in terms of capacity and reliability. In addition, the proposed transmission uses mature technology with proven capability around the world.” SKM Review of ZCA2020 transmission The National Grid Renewable electrical energy

71. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g  Forget the “you can’t transmit power that far” mantra  HVDC has been developed in the last decade and has solved the problem of long distance transmission HVDC High Voltage Direct Current Renewable electrical energy

72. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g HVDC High Voltage Direct Current  Transmits more power on a given line  Doesn’t lose power through radiation  Enables different systems to be interconnected  Can be used over 1000’s km rather than 100’s Renewable electrical energy

73. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Simplified illustration of the advantage of HVDC over HVAC Renewable electrical energy AC only at peak voltage for a short time DC at peak voltage constantly

74. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g HVDC is more cost effective over long distances Renewable electrical energy AC DC 2000 km

75. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Australia's renewable energy grid: 2020 Australia’s Renewable Energy Grid 2020

76. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Renewable electrical energy

77. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Renewable electrical energy

78. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Resource Requirements Renewable electrical energy

79. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Labor Requirements Renewable electrical energy

80. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Enercon Viana Do Costelo Wind Turbine blade and tower factories Portugal 250 towers per year 600 Blades 400 Jobs Renewable electrical energy

81. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Solar Thermal Cost Reduction Trajectory Renewable costs

82. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g Safe Climate a Bargain at 3% of GDP Renewable costs That’s $Bn37 per year in a $Bn1200 economy

83. b e y o n d Z E R O e m i s s i o n s. o r g 1 mirror OR 20 tons of coal OUR CHOICE Renewable choice (Over lifetime of mirror)