1. Quick Check What happened to Muhammad’s parents?
Is Islam Mono or Poly theistic?
What job did Muhammad have?
What were the two major cities on the Arabian Peninsula?

2. The World of Islam
Chapter 26

3. Arabian Peninsula Before Islam
Polytheistic – animism
Bedouins – nomadic people
Oral history
Judaism & Christianity
Mecca – leading town
Diffusion – goods, people,
Kaaba – place of worship in Mecca
Filled with Idols
Sacred Stone – black stone

4. Islam Monotheistic – like Judaism & Christianity Began in 7th century
Written History – Arabic Language
Prophet – Muhammad, wife Khadija
Book – Koran, Qur'an
5 pillars

5. The Rise of Islam
The Arabian Peninsula was a major trade route with many travelers
Mecca and Yathrib were leading trading towns
Mecca was the home of the Kaaba
Kaaba: sacred shrine of Arabs

7. Kaaba Built by Abraham - Jewish Pilgrims flocked to the Kaaba
It contained images of Arab gods
And the Sacred Black Stone
Black Stone – Arabs believe it is a meteorite from heaven

10. The prophet Muhammad Born in Mecca about 570
Orphaned and raised by an uncle
Worked as a caravan leader for a rich woman named Khadija
She encouraged him to fast and pray in the desert

11. Muhammad During one retreat he heard a message from the angel Gabriel
He was told to preach to the people
Khadija encouraged him to do as he was instructed

12. Islam Questions
List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam
What is the Koran?
Who are the People of the Book?
List ethical standards Muslims must follow
Why did Islam expand? 3 reasons
What are the two branches of Islam?
When did the division in Islam occur?

13. Islam – Empire of Faith
What is the hejira?
Identify Yathrib & Medina
Who are the People of the Book?
Why did the people of Mecca fight Muhammad and the people of Yathrib/Medina?
How did Muhammad gain control of Mecca?
What happened to the Kaaba after Muhammad gained control of Mecca?

14. Islam – Empire of Faith Why does Islam spread rapidly?
Why does Islam divide after Muhammad’s death?
Does Muhammad’s death help Islam spread?
List 10 Great Achievements of Early Muslim Empires
How did the Crusades unify Muslims?
List strengths of the Ottoman Empire
List Great Ottoman Leaders

15. Quick Review What does Islam - الإسلام - mean in Arabic?
Why did Islam split after Muhammad’s death?
What are the two branches of Islam?
What event brought anti-Muslim feelings in Europe?

16. Islam Class Work Vocab Religion Comparison Chart Religion
Belief in God, 5 Pillars, Koran & Tradition, People of the Book
Art, Architecture, Literature
Algebra & Trigonometry, Engineering, Astronomy, Medicine
People
Muhammad, Saladin, Mamun, Rumi, Mehmed, Suleyman

17. Islam Questions
List achievements of the Arab Empires (Umayyad & Abbasid)
Where was the center/capital of the Umayyad Dynasty?
Where was the center/capital of the Abbasid Dynasty?
Who is Muhammad al-Razi?
What trade routes helped usher in the Golden Age of Islam?
What advances in learning came from the Golden age of Islam?

18. Muhammad He won few converts, Arabs were polytheistic
Town leaders did not people to stop making the pilgrimage to the Kaaba
He was kicked out of Mecca when Khadija died
Muhammad was welcomed as a leader in the city of Medina

19. Islam: the people Qur'an, Koran – Muslim Holy book
Islam – means submission
~1.2 billion Muslims in the world; 22%
Caliph – successor to Muhammad
Sunni – election from religious leaders 90% of Muslims worldwide
Shi’a – descendent of Muhammad
Imam – prayer leader
Ayatollah – important Shi’a clergyman
People of the Book – Christians and Jews

20. The 5 Pillars One God Prayer – 5 times a day Charity
Pilgrimage – to Mecca once in your life
Fasting – During Month of Ramadan

21. Sunni – Green; Shi’a - Blue

22. Foreign Invaders to the Middle East
Seljuk's
Muslims from Turkey
Seized Baghdad
Weakened Byzantine Empire
Mongols
From Central Asia
Defeated Seljuk's for Baghdad
Led by Genghis Khan
Converted to Islam

23. Foreign Invaders to the Middle East
Crusaders
From Europe
Fought for control of holy land, Jerusalem
Muslims retained control

24. Islam Review The beginnings – 5 pts Muhammad/Leaders – 5 pts
Mecca, Kaaba (sacred shrine for polytheistic Arabs), Centers of Trade, People of the Book
Muhammad/Leaders – 5 pts
Orphaned & raised by uncle, trader, Khadija (wife), not liked in Mecca because of monotheistic beliefs, flees Mecca and goes to Medina, Hejira
Saladin – Soldier
Mamun – Scholar
Sulyeman – Sultan
Beliefs/Pillars – 5 pts
5 Prayers, Pilgrimage, 1 God, Fasting, Charity
Achievements – 5 pts
Hospitals, algebra, germs cause disease, medicine, scientific method, eyes and , cataracts, lenses & surgery, engineering, House of Wisdom, writing, numbers
Sects/Invaders – 5 pts
Sunni – caliph can be any elected leader – 90%
Shi’a – caliph needs to be descendent of Muhammad – 10%
Seljuks – Turkey – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)
Mongols – Central Asia – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent)
Crusaders – Europe – capture Jerusalem (Fertile Crescent)

25. The Two Empires The Ottomans – Turks – Sunni
The Safavid – Persians - Shiite

27. Safavid Empire Rivals of the Ottomans Shah – Leader of Safavid Empire
Abbas the Great – most famous leader
Strengths – same as Ottomans
Modern Day Iran

28. Achievement (profession & successes)
Person
Achievement (profession & successes)
Saladin*
Mamun*
Rumi
Mehmed
Suleyman*

29. Achievement (profession & successes)
Person
Achievement (profession & successes)
Saladin*
Profession – King & Soldier
Hero of the Crusades for Muslims
Captured Damascus (syria), Aleppo , Mosul (Iraq)
Mamun*
Profession - Caliph & Governor, SCHOLAR
Translated books in to Arabic
Rumi
Profession – Poet
Wrote largest collection of Poetry in ME
Mehmed
Profession – Conqueror
Extended Ottoman Empire & reorganized territories
Established Code of Laws
Suleyman*
Profession Sultan – Leader/King
Architecture – Fix Dome of the Rock
Reorganized set of laws

30. The Ottoman Empire

31. Great Ottoman Sultans Sultan – Arabic word for Strength or Power
Osman I – – Ottoman Empire named after him
Mehmed II – – Ruled twice & Conquered Constantinople
Suleyman I – – Longest ruling Sultan

32. Mehmed II FATİH (The Conqueror)
Conquered Constantinople in 1453
Converted Hagia Sofia, Christian Church into Muslim Mosque
Suleyman I
MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)

33. Turkish (capital Istanbul) Muslim The largest empire in the world
The Ottomans were:
Turkish (capital Istanbul)
Muslim
The largest empire in the world

34. Five Ottoman Strengths:
Respected people they conquered (millett)
Fearless army
Always improved technology
Control Trade
Strong Leaders

35. The Ottoman Government
Empire reigned 600 years, until end WWI
Sultan – led with absolute power
Men of the Pen -
Men of the Sword

36. Ottoman Empire

37. What was the source of Ottoman power?

38. Location on the east/west trade route
1. Control of Trade
Location on the east/west trade route
Control of the Waterways

41. 2. Wealth from trade

49. 3. Superior technology (the benefit of diffusion)

50. How did the empire end? The Europeans destroyed their strengths.

51. Ottoman Strengths #1: Control of trade
Europeans broke this strength by going around Africa and gaining control of trade.

53. Ottoman Strength #2: Wealth
Discovery of the New World leads to fantastic wealth for Europe from Aztec and Inca gold and silver.

57. Ottoman Strength #3: Technology
The industrial revolution surpassed the Ottoman superiority in technology especially in production of guns and munitions and other products necessary for war.

58. The Empire Ends Three reasons:

59. 1. Nationalism: People ruled by the Ottomans wanted independence.
Europeans: Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Greeks.
Arabs

60. 2. European Imperialism:
Industrial revolution caused a need for raw materials
European industries wanted new markets
Large navies developed by Europe to control trade

61. 3. Competition between European nations led to WWI in 1914

62. The Ottomans sided with Germany and lost.

63. The Arab territories were divided up between Great Britain and France.

64. Turkey became a republic

65. The Balfour Declaration
Great Britain promised the same land to the Jews and the Palestinian Arabs.

66. Page 583 1, 3, 4, 5 Conclusion Patterns of Life – page 580 Village
sheep and goats
Setup near water (river, oasis, coast, lake)
Farming – wheat olives
Men and women, specialize jobs
Nomadic
Moved from oasis to oasis
Lived with few resources
Fights all the time
known and Bedouins*
City
Protected by high walls
many cities developed
suq (markets)
mosque
Family (more important than individual)
Patriarchal – controlled or ruled by men/ Matriarchal- women
Arranged marriage
Divorce easier for men (3 times)
Men can have 4 wives- provide equally
Children must obey their parents
Women
Had to obey fathers -> husband -> oldest son (Subordinate)
Modest and secluded within home
Wore certain clothing- veiled face (custom from India)
Education
Right to own property
Conclusion
Page 583
1, 3, 4, 5

67. Patterns of Life – page 580 Family a man can have up to 4 wives
Village
Family-Center of the village culture. Patriarchal-Ruled by father
Jobs-Specialized jobs
Houses-Small, made of mud bricks.
Nomadic
Lived in small tribal groups
Constantly on the move
Lived with scarce sources of water
Bedouins
Nomads often came into contact with government and villagers
City
High city walls and narrow streets
Suq was the market place
Mosques were the center of life
Domascus old trading city
Family
Arranged marriages
a man can have up to 4 wives
divorce is easier for men then women
Children respect and obey parents
Women
Had to obey men < awesome.
concealed bodies from other men
had a right to education and property
had separate enterances
Conclusion
Page 583
1, 3, 4, 5

69. Page 2 – Nomadic Life: Bedouin, Highland Nomads, conflicts

70. Page 3 – City Life: reasons for development, major cities, mosques, suq

71. Page 4 – Family Life: Koran, marriage, divorce

72. Page 5 – Women’s Lives: Koran, mothers, women’s rights

73. Review ?s
Page 583 3 4 5

74. On the Test Islam Centuries of Turmoil Patterns of life
Conquerors of ME
Ottomans/Safavids
Golden Age
Patterns of life
Imperialism & Nationalism
Egypt
Iran
Turkey
Palestine

75. Test Questions
Writing Section
1 & 2

77. Three Nations Modernize
Egypt
Turkey
Iran
When did they become independent?
Who was famous leader?
Review Questions on Palestine
Page 588
1, 3, 6
Vocabulary Review
Page 589
Vocab 1-5

78. Turkey Becomes a Country
The Turks created their country after WWI
Kemal Ataturk abolished the Ottoman Empire and made Turkey a Republic
Ataturk means ‘Father of the Turks’

79. The government built industry Separate church and state (secular)
Ataturk’s Reforms
The government built industry
Separate church and state (secular)
Western law replaced Islamic law
Women could vote and hold public office
Public schools separate from religious schools
Turkey began using the western calendar, alphabet, clothing (no veils in public)

80. Egypt Egypt became a battle ground between the British and French
Both countries wanted to build a canal across the Isthmus of Suez
Muhammad Ali: Fought against the French; became governor of Egypt

81. Ali’s Reforms
Brought in Europeans to teach military tactics and scientific training
Improved farming techniques; introduced cash crops (tobacco, cotton, sugar)
Crushed Egyptian economy because he borrowed too much money from European countries

82. France & Britain control Egyptian Economy
France won the right to build the Suez Canal in 1859; Canal opened 1869
Britain bought control of the Suez Canal to help the Egyptian government
Egypt wins independence in 1922
Egypt gains control of the Suez Canal from Britain in 1956

83. Iran
Britain and Russia competed over Iran to gain access to the Persian Gulf
Reza Khan led the Iranians to remove foreign control of his country
Under his direction Iran adopted western culture
Clothing, women’s rights, education, government

84. Palestine/Israel
Great Britain controlled Palestine 20’s & 30’s
Jews wanted to return to Jerusalem since the Diaspora of 70 A.D.
Jews faced anti-Semitism as they tried to create their own state
Theodor Herzl led the Zionist movement, movement to create a Jewish state

85. Balfour Declaration
A British document which declared Palestine as the national home for the Jewish People
The document also said “…nothing should be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…”
That meant Palestine belonged to Arabs because they lived there

86. Arabs in Palestine War comes to Palestine
Wealthy Arab business men sold their farms to Jewish immigrants
Arab farmers fought against losing their land
Arabs attacked new Jewish settlements, Jewish people fought back
War comes to Palestine