1. Title slide/end slide image dimensions: Title slide images must always fit this size: Height: 10.6 cm; Width: 25.4 cm Title slide images must always follow this position: Horizontal: 0 cm; Vertical: 0 cm To change title slide/end slide image: Contact Communication Support Tip: Vestas drawing guides will help you position and crop images and objects. Images and objects will snap to drawing guides when repositioned or cropped. To add drawing guides: Right-click on next to slide Select ‘Grid and Guides…’ Check ‘Display drawing guides on screen’ Press ‘OK’ Wind Energy, the Renewable Alternative Alvaro Matesanz Gil Specialist, Vestas Mediterranean February 2012 │ Washington DC

2. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 2 Different types of wind turbines February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Wind turbines transform kinetic air energy into electricity Two main types of wind turbines: Horizontal axis (HAWT) Vertical axis (VAWT) The majority of installed wind turbines are of the HAWT type (approx. 99.9%) and have a high level of maturity VAWT has only been installed in some experimental facilities and on top of buildings

3. 3 February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 0.05 €/ kwh 0.20 €/ kwh On-shore 0.20 €/ kWh 0.15 €/ kWh 0.05 €/ kWh Off-shore 0.10 €/ kWh 3 MW 5 MW 7 MW 2 MW 0.055 MW 0.66 MW 0.5 MW Wind turbines are growing in size and efficiency  Reduced cost of energy

4. 4 Wind power: a natural part of modern energy February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Annual installed wind capacity by region 2000-2010, and estimates 2011-2015 Source: Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) – Annual Market Update 2010

5. 5 Wind power adaptability and scalability. All kinds of environment and sizes February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Big offshore ones Really cold placesReally hot places Complex ones Easy accessible ones Small isolated ones Urban areasRural areas

6. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 6 Environmental Benefits February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 No carbon dioxide emission during operation Minimal amount of water High energy harvest factor without using any fuel during the operating life of the power plant No fuel spillage No waste – more than 80% of a wind turbine may be recycled Low price of dismounting wind turbines to recover initial landscape compared to other sources of energy SourceCoalNuclearWindSolar PVHydropower Harvest Factor (no fuel considered) 100-150100-20020-501-840-200

7. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 7 Environmental aspects – Energy Effectiveness February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Source: Lenzen, M. (2008) Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear energy: A review. Energy Conversion and Management 49, 2178-2199

8. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 8 Political aspects of wind energy February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Free and available No military protection needed of energy supplies No public health damage Labour intensive – higher employment than conventional form of energy Local rural job creation for transport, installation and maintenance Most rapid instalment of all electricity generation technologies Cheapest renewable energy source, competitive with most new power generation sources Fixed lifetime cost – no sensitivity to rising and variable fuel prices Compatible with traditional soil use (agriculture, livestock, etc.)

9. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 9 Technological aspects – Cost of Energy (COE) reduction February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Reduced COE during the last decade has made wind energy competitive:  In sites with strong wind resources or reverse power auctions  Brazil reverse auctions (20-year PPAs) have obtained generation prices lower than hydropower and gas (US$ 58/MWh)  In developing countries with high local cost of energy  Kenya’s Lake Turkana (300 MW): PPA at US$ 101/MWh is competitive compared to the local cost of power generation (US$ 128-226/MWh)  Cape Verde (26 MW in four islands): An investment of €60m provides annual fuel savings of €12m  On-shore wind power parity is expected in developed countries this decade. Even without considering external costs of conventional sources of power generation or fossil fuel subsidies (US$ 409bn in 2010, IEA)  Off-shore wind energy faces short term supply chain challenges but holds great future promises for cost reductions and technological innovations

10. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 10 Technological aspects – Maturity February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012  Most initial operational problems is now solved  Reduced weight and price of the blades, and increased robustness by the using composites in the manufacturing  Lightning and fire protection by passive and active systems  Comparable effective and robustness components to the ones used in other technologies  Preventive maintenance by SCADA monitoring  Compatibility with weak networks and fulfilment of most demanding grid codes has been solved with the new solutions applied in the design of modern wind turbines  Turbine manufacturer may guarantee Lost Production Factor lower than 3%  Operational risks is now close to zero in a wind farm project

11. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 11 Technological aspects – Grid Integration February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Complies with the most demanding grid codes Capable to work in weak networks E xceptional integration with networks by technical solution such as the full converter DenmarkSpain Peak125.5 %59.6 % Day98.0 %41.6 % Month41.8 %29.9 % Year28.4 %16.2 % Wind energy generates a high percentage of electricity consumption in several countries Wind energy production may be predicted up to 48 hours in advance. This reduces the influence of variability (not intermittency) effect on network stability. Easily combines with other technologies to provide a complete solution for power supply in isolated areas Traditionally wind power has been coupled with diesel generators on islands (Galapagos, Cape Verde, etc.)

12. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 12 Technological aspects – Challenges and solutions February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Increased performance by use of new numerical techniques (e.g. massive computer fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to analyse more in detail the flow field around the wind turbine). Detailed Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer will increase wind prediction capability New sensors will allow the use of adaptive control systems. Wind turbines will respond according to local conditions. Storage systems to reduce the effect of variability: Pump water between reservoirs at different elevation Compress air in natural or artificial caverns Generate hydrogen as energy vector New generation of batteries

13. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 13 Wind-Diesel Examples: Galapagos (Ecuador) and Cape Verde February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 The Galapagos wind farm is working from 2007 and have produced in this period approximately a 35% of the electricity consumption, saving diesel fuel and avoiding CO2 emission In Cape Verde, an initial investment of €60m saves €12m every year on fuel imports Source: www.galapagoswind.org Partners: E8 - 9 Leading electricity companies from G8 countries ELECGALAPAGOS – Local utility The UN Foundation UNDP

14. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 14 Energy storage example: El Hierro (Spain) February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 A wind farm generates electricity for the island. The excess production in windy periods is used to pump water to an elevated reservoir built in an extinguished volcano crater.

15. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 15 Energy storage: El Hierro (Spain) February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Cost of Energy (COE) decreases from €135/MWh to €42/MWh by using a wind farm of 14 MW combined with 5 MW of conventional fuel generation. Estimated savings of €3.2m per year.

16. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 16 Conclusion: Wind Energy is the Renewable Alternative February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 The cleanest, most rapid electricity source at competitive cost No need for external fuel supplier. Fixed lifetime cost of energy Compatible with traditional soil use (agriculture, etc.) Reached maturity. Operational risk is close to zero Local development and job creation Cost of energy comparable with conventional electricity generation Wind/Hydro and Wind/Diesel solutions may provide huge cost savings to isolated systems

17. Title slide/end slide image dimensions: Title slide images must always fit this size: Height: 10.6 cm; Width: 25.4 cm Title slide images must always follow this position: Horizontal: 0 cm; Vertical: 0 cm To change title slide/end slide image: Contact Communication Support Tip: Vestas drawing guides will help you position and crop images and objects. Images and objects will snap to drawing guides when repositioned or cropped. To add drawing guides: Right-click on next to slide Select ‘Grid and Guides…’ Check ‘Display drawing guides on screen’ Press ‘OK’ Copyright Notice The documents are created by Vestas Wind Systems A/S and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - such as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Vestas Wind Systems A/S. The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Vestas Wind Systems A/S. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other notice from the documents. The documents are provided “as is” and Vestas Wind Systems A/S shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the documents by you. Thank you

18. Add presentation information via View/Header and Footer To add pre-formatted bullets please use the increase/decrease indent buttons found in the PowerPoint menu 18 Technological aspects – Grid Integration (Example of Spain) February 2012 │ Washington DC │ SDN FORUM 2012 Wind energy produces about 17% of the total electricity consumed in Spain in a yearly period. Maximum production was reached on 6/11/2011 at 2:00 when 59.6% of electricity was generated by wind turbines REE managed this electricity flow without any incidence in the network Wind contribution to production (%) Source: www.ree.es/ingles/home.asp