1. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Eugene Rozanov PMOD/WRC, Davos and IAC ETH, Zurich, Switzerland e.rozanov@pmodwrc.ch Modeling efforts towards understanding the energetic particle effects in the atmosphere

2. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Precipitating energetic particles Rodger and Clilverd, Nature, 2008 Electrons Low Energy: From plasma-sheat to auroral oval Medium to high Energy: From the Radiation Belts to subauroral areas Solar Protons: polar cap Galactic cosmic rays: From outside to everywhere Vertical distribution depends on particle energy

3. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Processes Ionization Ion and neutral chemsitry Micro- physics GEC Transport Clouds Atmosphere, Climate Ozone chemistry Particle precipitation

4. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Modeling of the ionization rates Input: Observed fluence and energy spectrum, geomagnetic field Method: Energy degradation scheme Jackman et al., 1980; P. Verronen Monte-Carlo models AIMOS, Wissing CRAC:CRII, Usoskin et al., 2010 Output: Ionization rates as a function of Pressure, location, solar activity, date

5. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Semeniuk et al., 2011 Modeling of the ionization rates

6. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Ion and neutral chemsitry: NO x production The process can be described adding five ions and relevan reactions to chemical scheme: O +, O 2 +, N +, N 2 +, NO + Five ions are not enough for layer D (< 90 km) N 2 +e*=>N + +N( 4 S)+2e N 2 +e*=>N * +N(4S)+e N 2 +e*=>N 2 + +2e N 2 + +O=>NO + +N( 4 S) N 2 +N + =>N 2 + +N( 4 S) N 2 + +e=>N*+N( 4 S) NO + +e=>N( 4 S)+O N + +O=>O + +N( 4 S) N*+O 2 =>NO+O

7. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Ionization by particles below 90 km leads to the redistribution of NO y and enhancement of HO x Ion and neutral chemsitry: HO x production From Sinnhuber et al., 2012

8. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Ion and neutral chemsitry: Treatment in the models Above 90 km: 5-ion scheme – WACCM, HAMMONIA NO x (ppbv) from MIPAS. HEPPA-2, Courtesy of B. Funke

9. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Ion and neutral chemsitry: Treatment in the models Below 90 km: Complete ion chemsitry (50+ species) - SOCOL i Computationally expensive Parameterizations of NO x and HO x production Porter et al., 1976; Solomon et al., 1981 0.7 N *, 0.55 N( 4 S) and 2 HO x per ion pair; widely applied below 90 km (WACCM, HAMMONIA, EMAC, SOCOL...)

10. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 NO x and HO x production Widely used parameterization (0.7 N * + 0.55 N( 4 S) + up to 2 HOx per Ion Pair) against complete ion chemistry CCM SOCOL (Egorova et al., 2011)

11. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Ion and neutral chemsitry: Treatment in the models Below 90 km: Verronen and Lehman, 2013 LUT, includes HNO 3 production Nieder et al., 2014 (LUT) LUT

12. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Transport, HEPPA-2 project

13. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Baumgartner et al, 2009 Treatment of the auroral electrons in low top CCMs (EMAC, SOCOL)

14. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Effects of the solar protons Observed and modeled NO y enhancement during October 2003 SPE, 70–90 o N, Funke et al., 2011 MMM MIPAS

15. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Ozone depletion by NOx and HOx Nitrogen: NO + O 3 → NO 2 + O 2 NO 2 + O → NO + O 2 ========================== O 3 + O → 2O 2 Hydrogen: OH + O 3 → HO 2 + O 2 HO 2 + O → OH + O 2 ========================== O 3 + O → 2O 2 From D. Lary

16. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Effects of the solar protons Observed and modeled O 3 depletion after the October 2003 SPE, 70–90 o N, Funke et al., 2011 MMM MIPAS

17. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Effects of EPP on NO x NO x, (%) due to EPP averaged over 60 o -90 o S

18. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 EP influence on ozone climatology Ozone change by EPP, 70-90 o N, CCM SOCOL v2.0, Rozanov et al., 2012

19. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 January Polar AER LBL code Cooling rate due to polar ozone depletion

20. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Downward propagating response or ‘top-down’ route Kodera and Kuroda, (2002) EPP cooling and O 3 decrease Hadley sell shift and... ( J.Haigh) Thomson & Wallace (1998) Solar UV heating and O 3 increase

21. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 EP influence on surface air temperature DJF, SOCOL v2.0, all EP Rozanov et al., 2012 DJF composite High Ap- Low Ap SAT from ERA-40 JGR, 2009 DJF, UIUC CCM, RE Rozanov et al., 2005 NDJ composite High D1- Low D1 from GISS Maliniemi et al., 2013

22. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 The Deep Solar Minimum 2008 Long phase (780 days) without sunspots similar to 1913 Solar activity not predictable A long term prospective ?

23. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Evolution of the solar modulation potential from 10 Be record (proxy for SSI) Abreu et al., 2010

24. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 The effects of Ap decrease on NO y Rozanov et al., 2012

25. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 From Calisto et al., 2013 Ozone changes after strong SPE (Carrington-like, August, 2020)

26. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 SAT after strong SPE (Carrington-like, August, 2020) January, SAT, from Calisto et al., 2013

27. ESWW-11, Liege, Belgium, 21 November, 2014 Conclusions The progress in the modelling and understanding of the EP effects is evident: The set of parameterizations for the treatment of EP effects in differnt models is available; The magnitude of the EP influence is comparable with solar UV; First time ever EP are included in the forcing set of CCMI Challenges:  Parameterization for relativistic and middle energy electrons  Downward propagation of NOx from the lower thermosphere (HEPPA-2)  Climate response, understanding mechanisms behind top-down signal propagation  Projection of EP fluxes and spectrum behavior for future grand minimum of the solar activity