1. GHG and Carbon Pie

3. Atmospheric Gases Gas Symbol Content Nitrogen N2 78.084% Oxygen O2 20.947% Argon Ar 0.934% Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.033% Neon Ne 18.20 parts per million Helium He 5.20 parts per million Krypton Kr 1.10 parts per million Sulfur dioxide SO2 1.00 parts per million Methane CH4 2.00 parts per million Hydrogen H2 0.50 parts per million Nitrous Oxide N2O 0.50 parts per million Xenon Xe 0.09 parts per million Ozone O3 0.07 parts per million Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.02 parts per million Iodine I2 0.01 parts per million Carbon monoxide CO trace Ammonia NH3 trace

4. Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.039% (390 parts per million) Methane CH4 2.00 parts per million Nitrous Oxide N2O 0.50 parts per million Ozone O3 0.07 parts per million

5. Carbon Dioxide Most important GHG. 60% of the 'enhanced greenhouse effect'. Removed by photosynthesis and dissolving in water/oceans. Added by respiration, decomposition, volcanic eruptions.

6. Burning fossil fuels for transportation, electricity, buildings, industry Deforestation (decreased photosynthesis plus release of stored carbon) Increased by 30%. Will double from pre-industrial levels by 2045-2100. Lasts 100 years Carbon Dioxide

8. The World's Carbon Reservoirs Reservoir Size (Gt C) Atmosphere 750 Forests 610 Soils 1580 Surface ocean 1020 Deep ocean 38,100 Fossil fuels Coal 4,000 Oil 500 Natural gas 500 Total fossil fuel 5,000

9. 21 times warming effect of CO2. 20% of 'enhanced greenhouse effect'. increased 2.5x. Lasts 11-12 years. Large reserves under permafrost. Methane

11. Anthropogenic - 320 million tonnes per year Natural sources - 250 million tonnes per year

12. Third most significant GHG Is 300 times more effective at trapping heat than CO 2. 16% increase Sources: nitrogen-based fertilizers, burning wood and fossil fuels, soils, oceans Lasts 150 years Nitrous oxide

13. 3-7% of 'enhanced greenhouse effect'. In Stratosphere, blocks harmful UV rays. In Troposphere, absorbs IR rays, serious health problems Unevenly distributed,constantly changing. Time in atmosphere: 30 minutes to 22 days Ozone

16. thousands of metric tons Countries by carbon dioxide emission

18. Energy - Electricity and Heat- 24.6% of global GHG emissions

19. Energy sources

20. Sources of Electricity in the US DOE

21. Coal- about half of US electricity Worldwide - 6.2 billion tons consumed annually 75% for electricity In US, 90% for electricity 35% efficiency: 65% lost as heat

22. Current reserves - 900 gigatons, 164 years at current production Mining: Waste: uranium, heavy metal Interferes with groundwater and water tables Damages surface water - streams, rivers Physical destruction of land Burning: Source of background radiation exposure Largest source of CO2 Acid rain

23. Natural Gas About 20% of US electricity More efficient CO2 - 30% less than oil, 45% less than coal “Cleaner” - fewer emissions Expensive to transport Most reserves in Russia and Middle East

24. Nuclear Power ~20% of US electricity No CO 2 emissions Toxic Waste Uranium mining Expensive Potential consequences from accident

25. Hydroelectric ~7% of US electricity No CO2 emissions No waste Renewable Disruptions to rivers/populations/water quality

26. Puget Sound Energy About 42% Hydroelectric

28. Transmission and distribution loss ~ 7.5%

29. Electricity: Where does it go?

32. Transportation in US ~30% of CO 2 emmissions

34. Globally > 500 million vehicles 10 times 1950 Recent growth in Asia, but also Europe

36. Industry 10% of global energy use

37. US Manufacturing fuel consumption

39. Land Use Change 20% of CO 2 emissions Lost of forest - 13 million hectares lost each year. 6 million primary forest lost How big is that? -- Washington is >18 million hectares

41. Desertification

44. Agriculture 13-14% Nitrogen fertilizer production and use Waste management Livestock - especially grain-fed Rice paddies Irrigation

46. Waste