1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH 10 CLASS NOTES Modern Language Mosaics (consists of lots of different things)

2. English is dominant international language of education, commerce, & business WHY??? European colonialism, & language convergence due to trade

3. Most Countries Today are BI- LINGUAL to some degree –Pros / Cons??? –Important to have world common tongue? Some countries select a foreign language (English) as official one – WHY??? to avoid strife, favoritism etc.

4. ESPERANTO – invented world language Major effort to create a world language (early 20 th Century) Based on Latin & combo of Euro languages World couldn’t create commitment to learn / adopt it

5. Don’t need to copy down! Esperanto is written with a modified version of the Latin alphabet, including six letters with diacritics: ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ (with circumflex) and ŭ (with breve).Latin alphabetletters diacriticsĉĝĥĵŝcircumflexŭbreve The alphabet does not include the letters q, w, x, or y except in unassimilated foreign names. The 28-letter alphabet is: a b c ĉ d e f g ĝ h ĥ i j ĵ k l m n o p r s ŝ t u ŭ v z

6. ENGLISH ESPERANTO Hello = Saluton Yes = Jes Thank you = Dankon Peace! = Pacon! One beer, please = Unu bieron, mi petas

7. The English Language is Easy!!!!? Mini – Study Don’t need to write down the 5 sample sentences!!!!

8. 1. He combined his slaughter with laughter.

9. 2. A Farm can produce produce.

10. 3. The dove dove into the bushes.

11. 4. The insurance for the invalid was invalid.

12. 5. The present is a good time to present the present.

13. 6. The soldier, who decided to desert in the desert while eating dessert, got his just deserts.

14. 7. You have a right to write the right rite to right this ship!!!!

15. 8. “Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo."

16. PUNCTUATION IS IMPORTANT!!!!

17. The Letters… How can punctuation change meaning???

18. Dear Steve, I want a man who knows what love is all about. You are generous, kind, and thoughtful. People who are not like you admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me for other men. I yearn for you. I have no feelings whatsoever when we’re apart. I can be forever happy. Will you let me be yours? Melanie

19. Dear Steve, I want a man who knows what love is. All about you are generous, kind, and thoughtful people who are not like you. Admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me. For other men I yearn. For you, I have no feelings whatsoever. When we’re apart, I can be forever happy. Will you let me be? Yours, Melanie

20. (Start Copying again!!) Lingua Franca A “common trading language” Evolved during crusades along Med.Sea trading routes Traders needed to communicate A Language Convergence – Tongue of Franks (S. France traders) mixed with Greeks, Italians, Spanish & Arabic Today, English = global lingua franca

21. PIDGIN -simple language that arises from contacts between people with different mother tongues (small vocab.) –Caribbean colonization – English / French / African speakers mix = A Pidgin English –Used among common people, not elite

22. Over time, pidgin might become the mother tongue CREOLIZATION – process where a new language emerges (replacement) –Gains native speakers –Original Pidgin becomes fully adopted (called Creole language)

23. MULTILINGUAL STATE Country where more than one language is used –Switzerland, Quebec, Belgium MONOLINGUAL STATE – Only one language spoken –Japan, Iceland, Portugal

28. TOPONOMY – study of place names (origins, meanings) TOPOGRAPHY – study of surface features

29. Classification of Place Names George Stewart Descriptive Names – Rocky Mountains Associative Names – Mill Valley, CA Incident Names – Battle Creek, MI List on p. 148 (Chicago??? Milwaukee???)