1. 1 HARDWARE INFRASTRUCTURE IS 340 BY CHANDRA S. AMARAVADI

2. 2 IN THIS PRESENTATION  Measures of data, time speed  CPU & HW components  Micro-computer architecture  Computer architecture

3. 3

4. 4 n Byte n Kilobyte 1 * 10 3 bytes n Megabyte 1 * 10 6 bytes n Gigabyte 1 * 10 9 bytes n Terabyte 1 * 10 12 bytes n Petabyte 1 * 10 15 bytes MEASURES OF DATA.. APPROXIMATIONS Note: A kilobyte is actually 2 10 i.e. 1024 bytes

5. 5 Millisec. 1 * 10 -3 sec. Microsec. 1 * 10 -6 sec. Nanosec. 1 * 10 -9 sec. Picosec. 1 * 10 -12 sec. UNITS OF TIME (FYI)

6. 6 MEASURES OF SPEED  Gigahertz (Ghz)  MIPS  Gigaflops/Teraflops

7. 7

8. 8 CPU & HARDWARE COMPONENTS

9. Control Unit Primary Storage (RAM,ROM) ALU Secondary storage Networks CPU Input Devices Output Devices 9

10. 10 COMPUTER COMPONENTS ALU -- Arithmetic, Logic Unit; carries out math and comparison Control Unit – Sends control signals and regulates timing via system clock RAM - temporary working memory, stores part of OS all temporary files, current applications are stored to RAM; consists of numbered memory locations. ROM - permanent internal memory, for bootup Peripherals – includes monitors, storage, printers, keyboards etc.

11. 11 TYPES OF RAM SRAM – Static Ram (uses transistors) DRAM – Dynamic Ram (capacitor based) Flash – Uses EPROM technology (transistors)

12. 12 STORAGE, I/O DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS

13. 13 SECONDARY STORAGE For permanent/ long term storage Secondary storage Tapes (replaced with optical disks) hard disks, USB jump drives Optical disks

14. 14 HARD DISK: Steel platter array for micro- computer systems OPTICAL DISK: Plastic disk with grooved surface disk surface 400 GByte. tracks sectors

15. 15 COMPACT DISK (CD) – 550 MB: CD-ROM: Compact Disk – Read only CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW: CD – Rewritable DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, but holds 10GB OPTICAL STORAGE Laser beam creates/reads pits on plastic disks

16. 16 I/O DEVICES to input and output data from the computer  Monitors  Scanners  Printers  Plotters  Voice synthesizers

17. 17 MONITORS Resolution: #of bits in rows & cols. (how fine is the picture?) Contrast: difference in brightness between brightest & darkest down across Types: LCD (mainly), Plasma screen (going out of favor) Monitors are computer screens. 1920 x 1080

18. 18 Printer characteristics Speed (pages/min, PPM) Resolution (dots/in or DPI) PRINTERS Types: inkjet vs laser Inkjet – sprays liquid ink Laser -- uses solid toner

19. 19 u KEYBOARD u MOUSE  Wired/wireless  Infra-red  Trackball  Touch pad u JOYSTICK u TOUCH SCREEN

20. 20

21. 21 u Supercomputer u Mainframe u Server/workstation u Personal computer (PC) u Personal digital assistant (PDA)

22. 22 CPU PRIMARY STORAGE DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PCARCHITECTURE

23. 23 PC LAYOUT.. CPU Expansion slots Bus wires to I/O devices, such as printers, monitors FYI

24. 24 SEQUENTIAL PARALLEL TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 RESULT Program CPU Program CPU Program CPU TASK 2 CPU TASK 3 CPU TASK 1 RESULT SEQ/ ‘//’ ARCHITECTURE

25. 25 IS ARCHITECTURES

26. 26 CENTRALIZED: Processing carried by sOne or more “hosts” (“host-based arch.) DISTRIBUTED: Processing shared by several hosts connected by a network sHosts can be smaller mainframes or client server CLIENT SERVER: More popular; processing carried by sOne or more “servers” A configuration of computers

27. 27 Host CENTRALIZED VS DISTRIBUTED mini Centralized Distributed

28. 28 requests data/service CLIENT CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE SERVER e.g. mail, database CLIENT: Any computer that requires a service. SERVER: Any computer that can fulfill a request. CLIENT

29. 29 u What is the purpose of RAM? u Why are disks divided into tracks and sectors? u What type of information is stored in ROM? in RAM? u What factors determine the power of a PC? u What factors influence the purchase of printers? u What type of computer configurations are popular nowadays? u What is the difference between laser and inkjet printers? DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

30. 30