1. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 1 Topic 1. Introduction to Environmental Issues Green Chemical Engineering Workshops ASEE Chemical Engineering Summer School, 2002 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO David R. Shonnard Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Michigan Technological University

2. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 2 Presentation Outline l Pedagogical Approach - how to teach environmental issues to chemical engineering students »Introduce environmental issues and establish linkages to chemical manufacturing activities »Present environmental data trends over time »Model environmental processes and compare to data trends »Relate chemical properties to environmental impacts »Discuss implications for environmental issues / problems »Discuss potential solutions to minimize impacts »Assign outside reading to students in key areas

3. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 3 Educational goals and topics Students will: l be introduced to major environmental issues related to chemical processing l understand the contribution of the chemical industry to these environmental issues Faculty will: l learn recommended approaches for presenting environmental literacy material in lecture

4. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 4 Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Design course: Introduce environmental literacy and regulations before assigning projects l Freshman Engineering: Introduction to issues regarding environment / society / industry

5. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 5 Scope of environmental impacts Raw Materials Extraction Energy Wastes Chemical Processing Wastes Product Manufacturing Wastes Use, Reuse, Disposal Wastes Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Pollution Control Pollution Control Life- Cycle Stages global warming ozone depletion smog formation acidifi- cation ecological harm Human health and ecosystem damage Midpoints Endpoint

6. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 6 U.S. energy flows, 1997 Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97)

7. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 7 U.S. industry manufacturing energy use Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97) SIC Code 10 15 BTUs/yr 29 Petroleum/Coal Products 6.34 28 Chemicals / Allied Products 5.33 26 Paper / Allied Products 2.67 33 Primary Metals Industries 2.46 20 Food / Kindred Products 1.19 32 Stone,Clay and Glass 0.94 24 Lumber / Wood Products 0.49 Numbers represent roughly the % of US annual energy consumption

8. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 8 Global warming and related impacts Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products greenhouse gas emissions CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O climate change; sea level change human mortality or life adjustments Cause and Effect Chain Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, http://www.snre.umich.edu/nppc/ Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

9. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 9 Homework problem - emphasizing chemical engineering concepts S = 1,300 W/m 2 RERE Radiation Balance at the Earth - No Greenhouse Effect Rate of Heat Absorbed = Rate of Heat Emitted A = average Albedo =.30,  = emissivity of the surface = 0.97 S = Stefan-Boltzman Constant = 5.67x10 -8 Watts/( m 2 ˚K 4 )

10. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 10 Radiation Balance at the Earth - With Greenhouse Effect Irradiance In = Irradiance Out Surface - IR absorptivity = emissivity = 1.0 Atmosphere - absorptivity for solar = 0.10 absorptivity for IR = 0.80.9 E.2 x x x y y y Surface: 0.9E + y = x Atmosphere: 0.2x + y = E x = 1.58E =  T 4 or T S = 277 K Homework Problem - Emphasizing Chemical Engineering Concepts

11. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 11 Possible adverse effects of global warming l Increased average temperatures and temperature extremes l Melting of glaciers / polar ice and sea level rise l Increased incidence of diseases such as malaria due to warmer temperatures l Changing climate and altered weather patterns l Disruption of land use due to droughts l Migration of human populations l Decreased life expectancy in some regions of the world

12. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 12 Discuss potential solutions to global warming l Increase energy efficiency of chemical production and electricity generation (cogeneration) l Reduce fossil fuels usage (increase gas mileage for vehicles, more insulation for homes, etc.) l Utilize renewable energy resources to a greater extent such as biomass, solar, hydroelectric, wind,.. l Capture and sequester CO 2 from combustion gas streams l Create chemicals with lower global warming potential

13. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 13 Stratospheric ozone depletion Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products ozone depleting substances CFCs, HCFCs ozone layer loss increase in uv human mortality or life adjustments ecosystem damage Cause and Effect Chain (x1000 )

14. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 14 Stratospheric ozone depletion (cont.) Figure 1.4-4

15. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 15 Stratospheric ozone depletion (cont.) Figure 1.4-4

16. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 16 CFC mole balance: Atmosphere response to CFC phase-out 1. Troposphere (0 - 10 km) is well-mixed 2. Annual CFC production is emitted to atmosphere (assumed) y CFC = mole fraction of CFC in the troposphere E CFC (t) = emission rate of CFC (g/yr) = E CFC e at (AFEAS web site) M CFC = molecular weight of CFC (g/mole) m ATM = atmosphere content (1.5x10 20 moles) (Wallace/Hobbs, 1977, pg6)  = CFC residence time in the troposphere (yr) y CFC,o = mole fraction of CFC in 1988 (Figure 1.4.3)

17. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 17 CFC-11. E CFCo = 3.14x10 11 g/yr, a = 0.1796 yr -1, M CFC = 137.4 g/mole CFC-12. E CFCo = 3.93x10 11 g/yr, a = 0.1250 yr -1, M CFC = 120.9 g/mole ppt = y CFC x 10 12 CFC mole balance model prediction

18. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 18 CFC mole balance model: Conclusions Conclusions l Mole balance model captures the main trends in the data from Figure 1.4.4 l Assumption of well-mixed atmosphere is good l Model predicts peak concentrations well l Shorter residence time for CFC-11 (60 yr) caused its peak to occur earlier than CFC-12 (residence time = 120 yr)

19. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 19 Effects of chemical properties on ozone depletion (Chapter 5) Summary of Environmental Properties/Behavior l CFCs, HCFCs, Halons partition to atmosphere nearly 100% l Water solubility (v. low), Sorption to natural organic matter (v. low), vapor pressure and Henry’s constant (v. high) l Persistence in the atmosphere is v. high (v. small hydroxyl radical (OH) rate constant) l Reactivity increases with addition of Hydrogen to molecule, e.g. HCFCs

20. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 20 Smog formation and related impacts Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products NOx and volatile organic substances photochemical oxidation reactions human/ecological damage from O 3 and other oxidants Cause and Effect Chain NOxVOCs 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling VOCs NOx1997 National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous

21. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 21 Acid rain / Acid deposition Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products SO 2 and NOx emission to air Acidification rxns. & acid deposition human/ecological damage from H + and heavy metals Cause and Effect Chain National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/chapter2.pdf SO 2 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling 1997 Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous

22. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 22 Human health toxicity Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products Toxic releases to air, water, and soil Transport, fate, exposure pathways & routes Human health damage; carcino- genic & non... RCRA Hazardous Waste EPCRA Toxic Waste Allen and Rosselot, 1997

23. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 23 Hazardous Waste Management Options

24. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 24 Ecology Concepts

25. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 25 Ecological Impacts La Grega et al. “Hazardous Waste Management McGraw Hill

26. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 26 Short written report from external reading (1-2 page memorandum from students) Potential Environmental TopicsInformation Sources Global WarmingScientific/Eng. Journals Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere Environmental Sci. & Technology Acidification Environmental Progress Smog Formation Chemical and Engineering News Toxic Chemicals in Commerce Industrial Hazardous WasteInternet Resources Genetically-Altered Foods American Chemistry Council Superfund Sites Clean-up US Environmental Protection Agency Pollution Prevention Technologies State Environmental Quality Office Endocrine Disruptors

27. University of Texas at Austin - Michigan Technological University - Rowan University - US EPA 27 Presentation Summary l Pedagogical Approach - how to teach environmental issues to chemical engineering students »Introduce environmental issues and establish linkages to chemical manufacturing activities »Present environmental data trends over time »Model environmental processes and compare to data trends »Relate chemical properties to environmental impacts »Discuss implications for environmental issues / problems »Discuss potential solutions to minimize impacts »Assign outside reading to students in key areas