1. Houses of the Rich and Poor
POMPEII & HERCULANEUM
Houses of the Rich and Poor
the “domus as a microcosm of the public world of business, politics and civic duty” Zarmati

2. Andrew Wallace Hadrill Houses of Pompeii & Herculaneum
Based on Wallace Hadrill’s classification, Houses can be divided into 4 groups:
Shops & workshops with 1 or 2 roomed residences behind or above
Larger workshop residences of 2-7 rooms, some with an atrium & even richly decorated
Average house: rooms, most with an integrated workshop or shop, symmetrical plan & common architectural features eg atrium & gardens
Largest houses ( villa urbana) designed for hospitality & large-scale admission of visitors, separate space for slaves; 2 atria; ornamental gardens, peristyles; decorated
Villa Rustica

4. Social Orientation in a Roman House
Grand
Humble
Public
Private
Amici
Paterfamilias
Clientale
Servi

5. Features of the Domus
Houses represent 1/3 of all buildings in Pompeii. Windows looked inward
Key feature in design for the elite is the long axis running from street entry to the garden. The axis ties the fauces, atrium, tablinum and peristyle areas where vision was often framed by the placement of columns, usually Ionic or Corinthian. These were the more publically visible areas ( salutatio ). According to Cicero in his De Officiis, a man of rank needed housing to fit his social standing
To the side were the more private leisure areas of Tricliniums and Cubiculums, although client access was sometimes acceptable. Wallace Hadrill states “Romans lacked our distinction of place of work from place of leisure.” ( OTIUM/NEGOTUM)
The most private areas, unseen and undecorated were the slave quarters and kitchen areas, located towards the back or side of houses.

6. Artistic recreation of Atrium use in House of Menander

7. Illusion and Allusion
“ The villas of the Roman elite provided conscious models for the houses of Pompeian shopkeepers, let alone those of the heavily Roman focused local elite” AWH

8. House Feature House of the Surgeon, House of the Samnite
Age, Use of Tufa blocks and size and number of rooms
House and Workshop of Verecundus
Workshop of fullers and dyers incorporated at the front of a basic residence. Noted for its many paintings of the commercial activities
House of Laureius Tiburtinus:
: tried to adopt country villa feel, quite close to amphitheatre, many swimming pools and trellised gardens
House of the Vestals
Shows continuous change over time from 2nd century AD. Complex water system
House of the Faun
2 atriums, 2 tablinums, clerestory windows and Corintian columns
Influence of Hellenistic art; Mozaic of Alexander
House of the Bicentenery
Division into apartments with external access and multiple larariums
House of Julia Felix
Rooms for rent and private bath complex
Villa of Mysteries
Art work on four walls showing Dionysiac cult 60 rooms and views to the sea

9. House of the Surgeon Basic Atrium House

10. HOUSE OF SALLUST Water features were an AD addition

11. Water fountain in the garden of the House of Sallust

12. House/Workshop of Veracundus /felt maker
HOUSE AND WORKSHOP OF VERECUNDUS (ins. 7, no.7-5) This complex is of the greatest interest in that it provides an example of a typical workshop belonging to the sellers and dyers of cloth, an activity which in Pompeii was particularly well developed and so renowned that a building in the Forum square was dedicated to them, the Building of Eumachia.
Precious paintings embellish the workshop and depict the activity carried out there and the protector gods. Note in particular: "Mercury with a moneybag", "Venus on a carriage", "The cloth sellers" and "The weaving of cloth". They are all depicted with great immediacy.

14. Artistic reconstruction of a Pompeian shopfront

15. Atrium /Peristyle Axis House of Menandro

16. Architecture and Decoration as social orientation House of Menandro

17. Triclinium Decoration in House of the Tragic Poet

18. Cubiculum and skeleton in Casa del Fabbro

19. Cubiculum in House of Fannius Sinistor Heirarchy of intimacy;Atrium/Tablinum/Cubiculum

20. Finds in the Casa Del Fabbro

21. Houses and Trade House of the Bicentenary

22. Finds from the House of Caecilus Iucundus
Other dossiers relating to the ownership of a slave Petronia Justa was found in the House of The Bicentenary. Finds from three neighbouring houses have become known as the Herculaneum Tablets

23. House of the Silver W edding

24. House of the Vestals Water as Status
The use of water in Roman private houses has been identified as a highly visible status symbol. The detailed study of the House of the Vestals at Pompeii reveals how water features were central to the house’s structural changes from the late first century B.C. The owners of the house invested heavily in fountains and pools as key elements in the display of their wealth to visitors and passers-by alike

25. House of Loreius Tibertinus

26. Illusion and Allusion
The garden and house of Loreius Tibertinus were joined through the use of an irrigation channel that ran from an open terrace, or peristyle, through the entire length of the garden. The water channel bisected the garden and was framed by flowering shrubs and trees. A fountain and pergola mark the mid point of the canal. At the north end of the garden was an outdoor dining area complete with wall paintings and furnishings for dining

27. Fauces of the House of Faun

28. Tablinum in House of the Faun
Note the different types of brickwork

29. Corinthian Column from The House of the Faun
“Columns mark out spaces as prestigious” AWH

30. Public and Private Access in House of Laureius Tiburtinus
Fauces ( jaws)
Gymnasia allusion

31. Atrium /Peristyle in House of the Vetti Note the visual axis of symmetry

32. HOUSE OF VETTI “If you have a garden and a library, you have everything you need.” Cicero

33. Decoration in the Fourth Style House of the Vetti

34. HOUSE OF FAUN 2 atrium/2 peristyles
“Houses everywhere bear evidence of change, changing boundaries,
changing use of space, changing fashions in decoration and self representation.” AWH
HOUSE OF FAUN 2 atrium/2 peristyles

35. Alexander Mosaic in House of the Faun
‘The function of mythological paintings in the houses pf P&H was to represent the status of the house to the exterior world.’ ~ Rachel Goff

36. Floor of the House of the Vestals

37. Floor Plan of The House of the Mysteries

38. VILLA OF MYSTERIES

39. Villa with a View- Mysteries

40. Dionysiac Cult

41. Houses of Herculaneum
Although generalizations should not be made , since only 1/3 is excavated, houses seem to show equal variety.
There are however slightly more larger houses
More houses display the fashion of mozaic walls and floors
Due to the varying eruptive experience, second storeys have been preserved at Herculaneum
Timber shutters, doors, rails and furniture have been preserved
More evidence of apartment blocks

42. Greek influence in a Samnite House

43. HOUSE OF THE CARBONIZED FURNITURE- HERCULANEUM

44. House of the Samnite

45. HOUSE OF NEPTUNE-HERCULANEUM

46. HOUSE OF MOZAICS- HERCULANEUM

47. Public Architecture in a domestic context

48. HOUSE OF WOODEN FACADE

49. Apartments above House of Trellis

50. HOUSE OF THE DEER/STAG

51. GETTY’S MODEL OF VILLA OF PAPYRI

52. PLAN OF VILLA OF PAPYRI

53. Villa of Papyri under excavation

54. House Contents
Evidence for Cloth production: loom weights, spindles needles in Casa De Princeps de Napoli; 50 loom weights were needed for 2 rooms and as spinning was a Roman activity this cannot be evidence for commercial use. Looms were not found in service areas ~ Penelope Alison
Consumption of food: popular images of food in still life paintings; braziers were found in Casa del Menandro, used for cooking, heating, warming; red slip pottery largest and smallest sizes used for cooking; size 4 bowls showed olive, fig and plum residue ~ Penelope Alison
Toilet and Medical items: spatulums, probes, cosmetic containers, strigils, tweezers (>10cm=forceps function; <10cm=domestic use); not all medical items indicate doctors: “this is one example of how we bring our own personal bias of interpretation to the study of Pompeian households.”~Penelope Alison

55. Imperial bronze and marble sculptures from Villa of Papyri

56. Finds-unrolling Papyrus Scrolls